PRINCIPALS OF CHEMISTRY I

References
1. Brady and Holum. 1996. Chemistry: the Study
of Matter and its Changes.
2th Ed., John Wiley & Sons. Inc. New York.
2. Umland, Jean B., 1993. General Chemistry.
West publishing company.
3. Zumdahl, Steven S. 1995. Chemical Principal.
2th Ed. DC. Health & company. Toronto.
4

ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND

THE PERIODIC TABLE

Objectives
Understand atomic structure of an atom
including its mass number, isotopes and orbitals.
Know how to account for the structure of the
periodic table of the elements based on the modern
theory of atomic structure.
Understand general trends of several important
atomic properties.

ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND

THE PERIODIC TABLE

Atomic Structure
An atom is composed of three types of subatomic
particles: the proton, neutron, and electron.
Particle

Mass (g)

Charge

Proton

1.6727 x10 -24

+1

Neutron

1.6750 x10 -24

Electron

9.110 x 10

-28

-1

Atomic Structure

Atomic Structure

Electromagnetic Radiation

Electromagnetic Radiation

c
Where:
frequency
wavelength
c: speed of light
c/

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Dispersion of White Light

Photoelectric Effect

the emission of electrons by

substances, especially metals, when
light falls on their surfaces.

Photoelectric Effect

Quantum Mechanics

Quantum theory
the theory of the structure and
behavior of atoms and molecules.

Photons
The quantum of electromagnetic energy,
generally regarded as a
discrete particle having zero mass, no
electric charge, and an indefinitely
long lifetime.
E = h = hc/
h = Planck's constant = 6.626 1034 J.s

Line Emission Spectrum

Absorption Spectrum
Light shinning on
a sample causes
electrons to be
excited from the
ground state to
an excited state
wavelengths of
that energy are
removed from
transmitted spectra

The Atomic Spectrum of Hydrogen

and the Bohr Model
Bohr Model for the Hydrogen Atom
mvr = nh/2
n = quantum number
n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, etc

Bohr Atom

Ground State
The state of least possible energy in
a physical system, as of elementary
particles. Also called ground level.

Excited State
Being at an energy level higher
than the ground state.

Electron Transition in a Hydrogen Atom

Lyman series ultraviolet

n>1 n=1
Balmer series visible light
n>2n=2
Paschen series infrared
n>3 n=3

Knowing diamond is transparent,

which curve best represents the
absorption spectrum of diamond (see
below)?
A, B, C

According to the energy diagram

below for the Bohr model of the
hydrogen atom, if an electron jumps
from E1 to E2, energy is
absorbed
emitted
not involved

Orbitals

region of probability of finding an

electron around the nucleus

4 types: s, p, d, f

Atomic Orbitals, s-type

Atomic Orbitals, p-type

Atomic Orbitals, d-type

Pauli Exclusion Principle

Electronic Configurations

The shorthand representation of the

occupancy of the energy levels (shells
and subshells) of an atom by electrons.

Hund's Rules

Electronic Configuration
H atom (1 electron):
1s1
He atom (2 electrons):
1s2
Li atom (3 electrons):
1s2, 2s1
Cl atom
(17 electrons):
1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p5

Electronic Configuration
As atom
33 electons:
1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d10, 4p3
or
[Ar] 4s2, 3d10, 4p3

Mn: [Ar]4s2 3d?

How many d electrons does Mn have?
4, 5, 6

Electronic Configuration
Negative ions:
add electron(s), 1 electron for each
negative charge
S-2 ion:

(16 + 2)electrons:
1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6

Electronic Configuration
Positive ions
remove electron(s), 1 electron for each
positive charge
Mg+2 ion: (12-2) electrons
1s2, 2s2, 2p6

How many valence electrons are in

Cl, [Ne]3s2 3p5?
2, 5, 7

For Cl to achieve a noble gas

configuration, it is more likely that
electrons would be added
electrons would be removed

Regions by Electron Type

Trends in the Periodic Table

atomic radius
ionic radius
ionization energy
electron affinity

Atomic Radius
decrease left to right across a period
Zeff = Z - S
where
Zeff = effective nuclear charge
Z = nuclear charge, atomic number
S = shielding constant

Atomic Radius

Increase top to bottom down a group

Increases from upper right corner to
the lower left corner

Atomic Radius

Atomic Radius vs. Atomic Number

Ionic Radii

Ionic Radius

Same trends as for atomic radius

positive ions smaller than atom
negative ions larger than atom

Comparison of Atomic and Ionic Radii

Ionic Radius
Isoelectronic Series
series of negative ions, noble gas atom,
and positive ions with the same electronic
confiuration
size decreases as positive charge of the
nucleus increases

Ionization Energy

energy necessary to remove an electron to

form a positive ion

low value for metals, electrons easily
removed
high value for non-metals, electrons
difficult to remove
increases from lower left corner of
periodic table to the upper right corner

Ionization Energies
first ionization energy

energy to remove first electron from an

atom.

second ionization energy

energy to remove second electron from a

+1 ion.
etc.

Ionization Energy vs. Atomic Number

Electron Affinity

energy released when an electron is added

to an atom
same trends as ionization energy, increases
from lower left corner to the upper right
corner
metals have low EA
nonmetals have high EA

Magnetism

Result of the spin of electrons

diamagnetism - no unpaired electrons
paramagnetism - one or more unpaired
electrons

Magnetism

Without applied field

With applied field