Chapter Objectives

Understand the concepts of normal and shear

stress
Analyze and design of members subjected on axial
load or shear

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Introduction
Mechanics of materials is a study of the
relationship between the external loads
on a body and the intensity of the internal
loads within the body.
This subject also involves the
deformations and stability of a body
when subjected to external forces.

Equilibrium of a Deformable Body

External Forces
1.Surface Forces
- caused by direct
contact of other
bodys surface
2.Body Forces
- other body exerts a
force without contact

Equilibrium of a Deformable Body

Reactions
Surface forces developed at the
supports/points of contact between
bodies.

Equilibrium of a Deformable Body

Equations of Equilibrium
Equilibrium of a body requires a balance of
forces and a balance of moments

F 0

For a body with x, y, z coordinate system

with origin O,
F 0, F 0, F 0
M 0,M 0,M 0
x

Best way to account for these forces is

to draw the bodys free-body diagram
(FBD).

Equilibrium of a Deformable Body

Internal Resultant Loadings
Objective of FBD is to determine the resultant
force and moment acting within a body.
In general, there are 4 different types of
resultant loadings:
a) Normal force, N
b) Shear force, V
c) Torsional moment or torque, T
d) Bending moment, M

Stress
Distribution of internal loading is important
in mechanics of materials.
We will consider the material to be
continuous.
This intensity of internal force at a point is
called stress.

Stress
Normal Stress
Force per unit area acting normal to A
Fz
z lim
A0 A

Shear Stress
Force per unit area acting tangent to A
Fx
zx lim
A0 A
Fy
zy lim
A0 A

Average Normal Stress in an Axially Loaded Bar

When a cross-sectional area bar is subjected
to axial force through the centroid, it is only
subjected to normal stress.
Stress is assumed to be averaged over the area.

Average Normal Stress in an Axially Loaded Bar

Average Normal Stress Distribution
When a bar is subjected to a
constant deformation,

dF dA
A

P A
P

= average normal stress

P = resultant normal force
A = cross sectional area of bar

Equilibrium
2 normal stress components
that are equal in magnitude
but opposite in direction.

Average Shear Stress

The average shear stress distributed over each
sectioned area that develops a shear force.
avg

= average shear stress

P = internal resultant shear force
A = area at that section

2 different types of shear:

a) Single Shear

b) Double Shear

DESIGN OF SIMPLE CONNECTION

For normal force requirement

A

allow

For shear force requirement

allow

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Allowable Stress
Many unknown factors that influence the actual stress in
a member.
A factor of safety is needed to obtained allowable load.
The factor of safety (F.S.) is a ratio of the failure load
divided by the allowable load

F .S

F fail
Fallow

fail
F .S
allow
fail
F .S
allow