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AGENDA
Momentum Loss:
Pipe size reduction
Control Components (valves, filters, check
valves, meters, gages)
Entry and exit effects (velocity profile)
Contraction/Expansion
Directional Changes (elbows, Ts..)
Turbulent Energy
Driving Liquids
f Re,(Re = U d/)
Re f P
Re f P
Density is dominant
in straight pipes
Swagelok Company, 2005
Driving Liquids
2u 2 u 2u
u
u
u
u
p
u v w 2 2 2
t
x
y
z
x
y
z
x
Local
acceleration
Momentum
terms
Viscous terms
Pressure
Energy
Kinetic
Energy
Total
Head Loss
Where, hL = K v2 / 2g
Ki = f L / D (Ki: Flow Resistance)
Ktotal = Ki
Fitting
L/D
Globe Valve
340
600
Ball Valve
60
Elbow- 90
60
Bend r/D = 20
50
300
OD
Wall
Thickness
1/4"
0.065
Quantity
Ki
f*Ki
90-Elbow
20
60
2.27
45.4
Check Valves
600
22.71
22.7
Globe Valves
500
18.93
151.4
90-Bends, r/d=8
20
24
.91
18.2
Flow-thru-branch
60
2.27
13.6
Pipe, inch
120
30.8
K_total
282.1
h, in
265.8
P, psi
9.6
Cv = 29.9 d2 / k1/2
(1/Cv-total)2 = (1/Cv-i)2
Testing
CFD
Cv-5
Cv-4
Cv-3
Cv-2
Cv-1
Flow
Swagelok Company, 2005
Flow
What is CFD?
A numerical approach to solving the Governing flow equations
over any Geometry and Flow conditions
(u/y)dx|y+dy
pdy
[p+(p/x)dx]dy
C.V.
dy
y
x
External Forces
(u/y)dx|y
dx
[u+(u/y)dy][v+(v/y)dy]dx
u2dy
Change in
Momentum
C.V.
uvdx
[u+ (u/x)dx]2dy
2u 2u 2u
u
u
u
u
p
u v w 2 2 2
t
x
y
z
x
y
z
x
2v 2v 2v
v
v
v
v
p
u v w 2 2 2
t
x
y
z
y
y
z
x
2w 2w 2w
w
w
w
w
p
u
v
w
2 2 2
t
x
y
z
z
y
z
x
Local
acceleration
Inertia terms
Viscous terms
u v w
0 Continuity equation
t
x
y
z
y y
y
i 1 i
x i xi 1 xi
yi 1 yi
yi 1 0
xi 1 xi
Discrete
Domain
XN
y1
y2
y
j
0
i
y3
(4)
(5)
(6)
y4
What is CFD?
Next, we write the system of equations in a matrix form: [A]{y}={0}
1
-1
(1+ x )
-1
(1+ x )
-1
y1 = 0
(BC)
y2 = 0
(4)
0
(1+ x )
Accuracy is grid
dependent
Swagelok Company, 2005
y3 = 0
(5)
y4 = 0
(6)
Pressure
Switching
Valve
Pressure
Toggle
Shut-off
Pneumatic
Switching
Valve
Pneumatic
Shut-off
Manual
Shut-off
Pneumatic
Shut-off
Toggle
Shut-off
Flow
Swagelok Company, 2005
Toggle
Shut-off
Flow
Create the
Mesh: 3.2
million cells
Solve
Results
Pressure required to drive 300 cc/min through the
12-position system, psi
MPC
Tested
MPC
Conventional
Calculated
CFD Predictions
Water
15.6
16.9
9.6
Diesel
17.9
15.1
10.8
Gasoline
12.5
11.7
7.1
Water @ 65 F
Diesel Fuel #2
@ 100 F
Unleaded
Gasoline
SG
, cP
.85
1.69
.73
.47
= /, cSt
Water @ 65 F
.85
Unleaded Gasoline
.73
.64
Conclusion
Reasonable pressure required to drive typical liquid
samples through NeSSITM systems
CFD can be employed to accurately predict flow under
different conditions
The Kinematic viscosity of the liquid sample is a good
indicator of its pressure requirement
Questions?