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Process Capability
Process Capability is an important
concept in SPC. Process capability
examines
-- the variability in process characteristics
-- whether the process is capable of
producing products which conforms to
specifications
Process Capability
Process capability studies distinguish between
conformance to control limits and conformance
to specification limits (also called tolerance
limits)
-- if the process is in control, then virtually all
points will remain within control limits
-- staying within control limits does not necessarily
mean that specification limits are satisfied
-- specification limits are usually dictated by
customers
Normal Distribution
The normal distribution N(,2) has several
distinct properties:
--The normal distribution is bell-shaped and is
symmetric
--The mean, , is located at the centre
-- is the standard deviation of the data
f (x)
=2
0
f (x)
=0.5
=1
3 Principle
0.9974
-3
+3
The probability for X to fall within (3,+3)is 99.74%, and the probability
for falling outside this interval is only
0.26% which is considered almost
impossible. That characteristic of normal
distribution is called 3 principle.
Applying this principle in QM can judge
whether there is abnormity appearing in
the process, since three standard
deviations above and below the process
mean represent almost all the fluctuation
range of the process.
XN(,2)
P{-<X<+}=(1)-(-1)=2(1)-1=0.6826
P{-2<X<+2}=2(2)-1=0.9544
P{-3<X<+3}=2(3)-1=0.9974
Process capability:
process
performance
The capability indexindex
-- considers only the spread of the
characteristic in relation to specification limits
-- assumes two-sided specification limits
The product can be bad if the mean is not set
appropriately. The process performance
index takes account of the mean () and is
defined as:
Cpk = min[ (USL - )/3, ( - LSL)/3]
Process capability:
process
performance
index
The process performance
index can also
Process Control
Statistical Process
Control
-- Control Charts
UCL
Normal Behavior
LCL
1
Samples
over time
UCL
UCL
Samples
over time
Samples
over time
Control charts
Processes that are not in a state of statistical control
-- show excessive variations
-- exhibit variations that change with time
A process in a state of statistical control is said to be
statistically stable. Control charts are used to detect
whether a process is statistically stable. Control
charts differentiates between variations
-- that is normally expected of the process due chance
or common causes
-- that change over time due to assignable or special
causes
-- localized in nature
-- exceptions to the system
-- considered abnormalities
-- often specific to a
certain operator
certain machine
certain batch of material, etc.
Investigation and removal of variations due to special
causes are key to process improvement
Note: Sometimes the delineation between common and
special causes may not be very clear.
Control charts:
interpretation
Control charts are normal distributions with an
added time dimension.
Control charts:
interpretation
Control charts are run charts with superimposed
normal distributions.
attention
UCL
CL
LCL
Trend
UCL
CL
LCL
p (1 - p)
n
UCL = p + 3sp
LCL = p - 3sp
Sample
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
n
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Defectives
4
2
5
3
6
4
3
7
1
2
3
2
2
8
3
p
0.04
0.02
0.05
0.03
0.06
0.04
0.03
0.07
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.08
0.03
55
p=
= 0.036
1500
3. Calculate the standard deviation of the sample
proportion
sp =
p (1 - p)
=
n
.036(1 - .036)
= .0188
100
.036 3(.0188)
UCL = 0.0924
LCL = -0.0204 (or 0)
UCL
UCL
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
CL
0.02
0
1
10
11
12
13
14
15 Sample number