INTRODUCTION TO

ARCHITECTURE-I
Lecture

10

Lecture 10: Architecture I

 Learning objectives :
To familiarize the concept architectural and building design
To know the elements of design and design principles

Lecture 10: Architecture I

A.
B.

Architecture
Elements of Architecture

C. Principles of Design
D.

Architectural Design Process

Lecture 10: Architecture I

A. ARCHITECTURE

Lecture 10: Architecture I

 Architecture(Latinarchitectura, from the Greek

arkhitekton, from-"chief" and
"builder, carpenter, mason") is both the process
and product of planning, designing and construction.

Lecture 10: Architecture I

i.

The Architecture Profession

Architecture is the art

and profession of
designing buildings.
Human give expression
to feelings and values
by building
Architectural success
was the product of a
process of trial and
error, with progressively
less trial and more
replication as the
results of the process
advanced.
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ii. What is Architecture?

French architect Le
Corbuiser said: "Architecture
is the masterly, correct, and
magnificent play of forms
under the light." (Vers une
architecture, 1923)
The word Architecture
(Greek) may also refer to a
building style of a particular
culture or to an artistic
movement such as Greek,
Gothic, and Renaissance
architecture.
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Architecture gives a recognition / a face

to civilizations/settlements
Almost everything we know about
ancient civilization is mainly based upon
what we have found in and about it's
architecture such as the Pyramids of
Egypt and the Roman Coliseum.
Even modern cities and locations are
both visited and known by architectural
landmarks such as the Opera House in
Sydney.
Organic Architecture by Frank Loyd Wright

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Architecture has many artistic

qualities but must also satisfy
practical considerations.
Example: Office Buildings
A building cannot just be
aesthetically pleasing.
Needs to accompany the comfort
and efficiency levels for people in
it.
If the building does not fulfill
comfort, it fails architecturally.

Lecture 10: Architecture I

Unite d'Habitation by Le Corbusier at Briey, France

Conti

Architecture(Latinarchitectura, from the

Greek arkhitekton, from-"chief"
and"builder, carpenter, mason") is both
the process and product of planning, designing and
construction.
It is he art and science ofdesignand erecting
buildings and other physical structures.
It is a style and method of design and construction
of buildings and other physical structures.
It is a design activity, from the macro-level (urban
design,landscape architecture) to the micro-level
(construction details and furniture).
The term "architecture" has been adopted to
describe the activity of designing any kind of
system, and is commonly used in
describinginformation technology.
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Vitruvius (roman Architect of 1st AD) said that

architecture is a building that has:

Utilitas ... Firmitas Venustas

Utility ... Structure ... Attractive
The aim of architecture is
the creation of a perfect, and
most beautiful efficiency.

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iii.

The Difference Between

Architecture and Building
Any Building Architecture

Architecture = Design BEFORE Building

Architecture is DESIGNED
Buildings, Spaces and Environments.
According to Human Needs
Using Technology and Science,
With Aesthetic Qualities.
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iv. The Context of Architecture

Architecture is a very broad
field that is at the same time
technical, artistic and social.
Earth
Climate
Ecology
Resources

Doing architecture requires

strong technical knowledge in
the fields of engineering,
geometry, building techniques
etc.
It also requires a certain
sensibility to arts and
aesthetics.

Natural
Environment

Human
Environment

Finally, it also requires a

solutions to for human questions
and society's problems of
physical development.

Individual
Groups
Psychological
Social
Cultural

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Individual

Built
Environment
Cities
Neighborhoods
Buildings
Interior Spaces

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v. The knowledge of architecture

covers
Sociology
Psychology
Anthropology

Humanities

Art/Science of
Architecture
Arts
Painting
Sculpture
Aesthetics

Science & Engineering

Materials
Structure
Electrical
Mechanical
Civil

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What you see is not always what you think!

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What you see is not always what you think!

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B. ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE

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i. What is Design?
DESIGN is a both
a verb (to design) &
a noun (a design).
DESIGN is both
a process &
a product
The process of designing and
product that is designed.

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ii. Elements of architectural

design
1. Space
Space is the area provided for a particular purpose. It
may have two dimensions (length and width), such
as a floor, or it may have three dimensions (length,
width, and height). Space includes the background,
foreground and middle ground.
2. Line
Line is the basic element that refers to the
continuous movement of a point along a surface,
such as by a pencil or brush. It is the basic
component of a shape drawn in space. Lines and
curves are the basic building blocks of two
dimensional shapes like a house's plan.
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3. Color
Color is seen either by the way light reflects
off a surface, or in colored light sources.
There areprimary colors,secondary colors,
and tertiary colors.
Complementary colorsare colors that are
opposite to each other on thecolor wheel.
Complementary colors are used to
createcontrast.
Analogous colors are colors that are found
side by side on the color wheel.
These can be used to create color
harmony.
Monochromaticcolors aretints and
shadesof one color.
Warm colors are a group of colors that
consist of reds, yellows, and oranges.
Cool colors are group of colors that consist
of purples, greens, and blues.
Color and particularly contrasting color is
also used to draw the attention to a
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4. Shape
A shape is defined as an area that stands out from the space next to
or around it due to a defined or implied boundary, or because of
differences of value, color, or texture.
Natural objects such as trees form natural shapes; man made
shapes form geometric shapes. In a landscape, natural shapes,
contrast with geometric shapes such as houses.

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5. Texture
Texture is perceived surface quality.
In art, there are two types of texture: tactile and
implied.
Tactile texture (real texture) is the way the
surface of an object actual feels. Examples of
this include sandpaper, cotton balls, tree bark,
puppy fur, etc.
Implied texture is the way the surface on an
object looks like it feels. The texture may look
rough, smooth, granular etc. but cannot actually
be felt. The textures you see in a photograph are
implied textures.

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6. Form
Form represents any three dimensional object. Form can be
measured, from top to bottom (height), side to side (width),
and from back to front (depth). There are two types of form,
geometric (man-made) and natural (organic form). It may be
enhanced by tone, texture and color.

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7. Value
Value refers to the relationship between light and dark on a
surface or object. It gives objects depth and perception.
Value is also called tone.

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C. PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN

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Principles of design
Design principles are as follows:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)

Unity
Contrast
Repetition (rhythm, pattern)
Variety (alternation)
Emphasis (dominance or focal point)
Balance
Proportion (scale)
Functionality
Proximity

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a) Unity
Unity refers to a sense that everything in a piece of work
belongs there, and makes a whole piece. It is achieved by
the use of balance, repetition and/or design harmony.

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b) Contrast
Contrast is the occurrence
of differing elements, such
as color, value, size, etc. It
creates interest and pulls
the attention toward
the focal point (point of
interest).

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c) Repetition (rhythm,
pattern)
The recurrence of
elements within a piece:
colors, lines, shapes,
values, etc. Any element
that occurs is generally
echoed, often with some
variation to maintain
interest. Rhythm can be
used in design to reduce
randomness.

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d) Variety (alternation)
The use of dissimilar
elements, which creates
interest and uniqueness.
Variety like a painting or
color change on a plain wall
may be used to reduce
monotony. Helps to increase
design beauty.

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e) Emphasis (dominance or
focal point)
Emphasis refers to areas of
interest that guides the eye
into and out of the image
through the use of sequence
of various focal points.
Emphasis or dominance of
an object can be increased
by making the object larger,
more sophisticated, more
ornate, by placing it in the
foreground, or standout
visually more than other
objects in a project.
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f) Balance
Balance can be achieved
by the location of objects,
volume or sizes of
objects, and by color.

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g) Proportion (scale)
Proportion involves the
relationship of size between
objects. Proportion is also
relative sizes of surface
areas of different colors.
Proportion also depends on
functionality of object.
Window can be given the
correct size in relation to
room to make it an effective
decorating component or
source of lights.
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h) Functionality
Proper functionality is
simply the best possible
design and best possible
location of this design that
the occupant(s) requires.

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i) Proximity
Proximity is the placing of similar
objects closer together physically,
and unlike objects further apart.
This aids in creating unity. For
example, repetition of windows in
a large wall, when placed
uniformly closer, they appear more
effective and esthetically
appealing.

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D. ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
PROCESS

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 An architectural design generally has the

following components
1. Programming (Pre design phase)
2. Schematic Design
3. Design development
4. Construction documentation
5. Implementation (contract
administration)

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1
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2
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3
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4
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5
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Further Readings:

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