1.

GAURAV KUMAR
2. GAURAV RANA
3. ISHANT SINGH
4. JYOTI CHAUDHARI
5. KESARI KUSHWAHA
6. MAHIMA THUSSU
7. MAYANK SAGAR

ARCUATED SYSTEM
As from the past till now we use several
type of structures for dwelling in the space.
According to the human tendencies we used
to improve these space in various forms but
there was always be problem for the extra
loading of material for large spans. Then we
tried to use post and lintel for the
distribution of load. The post and lintel form
of building was used to create grand and
monumental forms, but the lack of
uninterrupted interior space was not
suitable for some purposes.

To create architectural forms that could

cover larger spaces without too many
supports the Arcuated system of building
could be used. This section will examine the
Arcuated method of construction. And
trying to give the basic principle behind the
using ARCUATED system.

In the arcuated system there

are following term

Arch
Corbelling
Vaults
SQUINCHES
Dome
MATERIAL

ARCH
Anarch,inconstruction, is a rigid span
curving upwards between two points of
support. It appears in a variety of
structures, such as an arcade, formed by a
row of arches, supported by load-bearing
arches or a roof or a bridge, or as a single,
free-standing triumphal or memorial arch
.The stone or brick arch, formed of many
segments held in place by lateral thrust,
was developed to connect a greater
distance between two supports than a
single horizontal beam, or lintel, could
bridge. Since the 19th century, arches have
also been made of single, curved spans of
iron, steel, or reinforced concrete.

1.Key stone
2.Voussior
3.Extrados
4.Impost
5.Intrados
6.rise
7.Clear span

The wall spaces on either side of an arch, or

between adjacent arches, are spandrels. If
the space between the arch and the lintel is
filled in, the resulting flat surface is the
tympanum.
Archeshavebeenbuilt since prehistoric
times. Rude prototypes were made by
leaning two slabs of rock together or by
constructing a stepped, or corbelled, arch in
which projecting elements from a wall rise
in steps from the supports to meet in the
centre. Themasonryarchhasmany
elements. Its supports may be walls, piers,
or columns, and the capstones from which it
springs are known as imposts.

The basic unit of the arcuated system

was the arch, which was semi-circular
in shape. In this case, the supports did
not carry monolithic lintels, but smaller
units, wedge-shaped voussoirs, which
were constructed over arch-shaped
wooden shuttering. Once they were all
in place, with the final key stone at the
top of the arch, their shape meant that
their own weight wedged them more
and more tightly together in a dynamic
structure, and the
shuttering could safely be removed and
used to build the next one.

The vulnerable point in this structure

was not in the middle of the covering
stones, as was the case with the lintel,
but at the springing point where the
arch met the vertical support. In order
to strengthen the support, a mass of
masonry or brickwork was sometimes
built against it or out from it. This
structure is called a buttress.

Semi-circular arch
Round arch or

Semi circular arch at

KesairBag.

SEGMENTAL ARCH

Segemtal arch near the

Charbag at latouch road.

LANCET ARCH

EQUILATERAL ARCH

Tree-foiled

CUSPED ARCH

Tree foiled arch near

High court.

HORSE-SHOE ARCH

THREE CENTRED ARCH

Three centered arch near the

Nadwa .

ELIPTICAL ARCH

Eliptical arch near

Bhatkhande.

TUDOR ARCH

Tudor at charbagh railway station

The Arcade
A series of arches in a row is called an
arcade and can be used to support the
fabric of a wall. In such a series, the
weight of each arch is countered by
the one next to it.

Arch and
Vault,afundamentalconstruction
system in architecture used to span
the space between walls, piers, or
other supports and to create a roof or
a ceiling. Until the 19th century the
arch and vault were the only
alternative to the far more limited
and simpler post-and-lintel system
supporting a flat or peaked beamed
roof.

CORBELLING
Manner of building in
which circular courses
of stones narrow
progressively from
bottom upwards, so
that a small aperture
is finally left at the
centre of the roof,
which is then covered
by a single stone .

corbelled construction
1: Dry stone walling (i.e. without mortar)
can be found in areas where surface stone
is abundant and fields have to be cleared of
stones.
2: Corbelling is a constructional system in
which one stone lies above another, with
the position of the upper stone not
exceeding its centre of gravity. This rule,
however, applies only to two stones. A third
stone must not exceed the centre of gravity
common to all three.

If the ground plan is a small circle, or if a

counterweight is applied on the rear part of
the stone, then the structure works.
Besides playing its normal role, the
counterweight can act as insulation from
physical elements. While on house roofs
stone normally serves as roofing material,
in stone shelters all three functions
(counterweight, insulation and roofing)
coexist.
3: Corbelled construction involves the interplay of
three components. First there is the corbelled vault
proper, theoretically circular in plan. Then there is
the facing or revetment, made of big stones.

And finally, the infill thrown in

between the two skins (corbelling and
revetment) or over the roof. The infill
can be waste stone from cutting, or
fine stone rubble. Of course this
solution is possible only in areas with
little rain.

CORBELLED CONSTRUCTION IN
THEORY

In corbelled construction two "skins" are

present: the vaulting and the revetment.
Although circular at the top, the corbelled
vault is not necessarily so at its inception
(depending on whether it is for men or for
animals). The angle of the slope in
corbelled vaults is 60 degrees on an
average, which means that the height of a
vault is equal to the square root of three by
two, if the baseline is equal to one. The
revetment can follow the corbelling closely,
or it can be vertical in the base walls. It
plays the role of outer wall as well as

Trullo near Alberobello

Puglia
(Italy)
Corbelled vaulting and
cladding joined together
can be found in the roof
of the trullo. The roof is
constructed of flat
stones inside and
outside. The revetment
overlays the vault itself.
The roof is a double-skin
affair, conformant to the
theory of corbelling.

Pagliaddiu at Santu Pietru

Corsica (France)

In the corsican pagliaddiu,

corbelling starts at shoulder height,
above the vertical wall. The revetment
is vertical up to the eaves of the roof,
the latter being covered with big stone
slabs from the roof top down.
Alternatively, the roof may be covered
with earth and grass. Instead of
running parallel to the corbelled vault,
the revetment diverges away from it.

Girna in Mistra
Valley
Malta
The typical GIRNA boasts a perfect
corbelled vault and a nearly vertical
revetment, of the height of a man reaching
upwards (approx. 2.20 m). This corresponds
to the height of the inner room, covered by
a large slab. The roof' is made of fine stone
rubble thrown over the vaulting, with a few
stones piled up at the apex. Some infilling
material is also to be found between the
corbelling and the cladding.

BUTTRESS
Buttress, a mass of stone or brick built up
against a wall to strengthen it, especially to
counteract lateral pressure, or thrust, from
an arch or vault. Buttresses were used in
ancient Mesopotamia and by the Romans,
who built them against outside walls as
piles of stone or against inside walls of
vaulted buildings to serve as partitions.
Vaulted Romanesque cathedrals in early
medieval Europe had buttresses in the form
of shallow projecting piers..

VAULT
Avault,inarchitecture, is an arch-shaped
structure, usually of masonry, used as the
ceiling of a room or other enclosed space,
as the roof of a building, or as the support
for a ceiling or roof. Masonry vaults are
usually composed of wedge-shaped pieces
called voussoirs, which are held in place,
like the stones of an arch, by the pressure
of the neighbouring pieces. Because of the
combined pressure of its components, any
arch exerts an outward pressure at its base,
and the base, therefore, must be so
constructed as to withstand the outward as
well as the downward thrust of the arch.

This construction can be accomplished

by using strong, heavy walls to support
the arch or by supporting the walls
with exterior structures, or buttresses.
A temporary supporting structure must
be erected within the vaulted area
during construction, because a
masonry vault does not become selfsupporting until the central voussoirs
or keystones are put in place.

Arches and Vaults

This series of drawings shows the structure
of some basic arches and vaults. The
construction of an arch (A) requires a
temporary wooden structure to hold the
voussoirs (wedge-shaped bricks or stones)
until the keystone, or central voussoir, can
be put into place. Arches are connected with
the aid of an impost

(B), a piece of moulding located

where the arch begins. Imposts are
also used at the point between an
arch and the capital of a column.
Arches can be connected (C) to
form a barrel, or tunnel vault. A
series of barrel vaults (D) is used to
create an arched ceiling or roof. A
variation on this is the cross, or
groin, vault (E), in which two barrel
vaults intersect.

BARREL VAULT
Because of the combined pressure of
its components, any arch exerts an
outward pressure at its base, and the
base, therefore, must be so
constructed as to withstand the
outward as well as the downward
thrust of the arch. This construction
can be accomplished by using strong,
heavy walls to support the arch or by
supporting the walls with exterior
structures, or buttresses.

Anumberofdifferent types of
vaults are used
architecturally. The simplest
of these is the barrel, or
tunnel vault, the roof of which
is shaped like half a cylinder
and is supported by straight
walls. The annular vault is
similar to the barrel vault,
except that the passage
within it is not straight but
curved, giving the entire
structure the appearance of a
portion of a ring.

A temporary
supporting structure
must be erected
within the vaulted
area during
construction,
because a masonry
vault does not
become selfsupporting until the
central voussoirs or
keystones are put in
place.

The arcade, like the

colonnade, does not in
itself roof interior spaces.
But the arcuated principle
can be used to create
different kinds of vaults to
cover space. The simplest
of these is the barrel vault
which is in effect one arch
placed behind the other to
create a tunnel-like covered
area which can be extended
infinitely.

The Ribbed Vault

It was also possible
to build a vault by
constructing
intersecting arches,
and filling in the
fabric between them
with masonry. This
was known as a
ribbed vault.

The Groin Vault

From this basic principle many
other forms of vaulting were
developed, such as the groin
vault, which is created by two
intersecting barrel vaults,
usually at right angle to each
other. . It formed a large
covered area supported on the
four corners only. This unit
could be repeated to cover
larger areas, and light could
enter from all four sides

Diamond vault in Franciscaan

monastery in Kada
A diamond vault is a form of
vault used in the Late Gothic
and Renaissance style, which
is based on an elaborate
system of cavernous vaults in a
manner resembling diamonds.
It

PENDENTIVE
The pendentives, which are
triangular part of a sphere, taper
to points at the bottom and spread
at the top to establish the
continuous elliptical or circular
base needed for the dome.
In masonry the pendentives
thus receive the weight of
the dome, concentrating it
at the four corners where it
can be received by the piers
beneath.

. Prior to the pendentive's

development, the device of
corbeling or the use of the
squinch in the corners of a
room had been employed.

Squinch
A squinch in
architecture is a piece
of construction used for
filling in the upper
angles of a square room
so as to form a proper
base to receive an
octagonal or spherical
dome.

It was the primitive solution of

this problem, the perfected one
being eventually provided by the
pendentive. Squinches may be
formed by masonry built out from
the angle in corbeled courses, by
filling the corner with a vise
placed diagonally, or by building
an arch or a number of corbeled
arches diagonally across the
corner.

Squinches at golgumbad
Bijapur.

DOMES
A dome is a common structural element
of architecture that resembles the hollow
upper half of a sphere. Domes do not have
to be perfectly spherical in cross-section,
however; it is sufficient that they simply be
curved surfaces. A variant is the Onion
dome that resembles more than half of a
sphere, exemplified by Delhi's Great
Mosque .

A dome can be considered

as an arch which has been
rotated around its vertical
axis. As such, domes have
a great deal of structural
strength. They can be
constructed of ordinary
masonry, held together by
friction and compressive
forces.

It

was not always possible to

have a cylindrical base to
support a dome. To support a
dome on a square base arches
could be built to bridge the
corners and create an
octagonal base. These were
called squinches. An even
more elaborate system of
transferring the thrust of a
dome to four points was to
employ segments of vaults
which are called pendentives.

Until the 19th century, domes

were constructed of masonry, of
wood, or of combinations of the
two, frequently reinforced with
iron chains around the base to
contain the outward thrust of the
structure. Since then, as
industrial technology developed,
domes have been constructed of
cast iron, reinforced concrete,
steel, aluminium, laminated wood,
or plastic.

MATERIALS

In arch, vault, and dome construction, the

spanning element is curved rather than
straight. In the flat plane of a wall, arches may
be used in rows, supported by piers or
columns to form an arcade; for roofs or
ceilings, a sequence of arches, one behind the
other, may be used to form a half-cylinder (or
barrel) vault; to span large symmetrical
spaces, an arch may be rotated from its peak
to form a hemispherical dome. Vaulting
permits spanning without subjecting material
to tension; it thus enables large areas to be
roofed with masonry or concrete.

The outward thrust of vaulting, however, must

be counteracted by abutment, or buttressing.
Trussing,timbersforming a frame, is an
important structural device used to achieve
spans with less weighty materials. Spanning
systems can be made of any appropriate
materialmost often wood, rolled steel, or
tubingand, by subdivision into triangles,
can take almost any shape.

Advancesinthescience of analysing
structural behaviour resulted from the
demand in the 19th century for great civil
engineering structures: dams, bridges, and
tunnels. It is now possible to enclose space
with suspension structuresthe obverse of
vaulting, in that materials are in tensionor
pneumatic structures, the skins of which are
held in place by air pressure.

colloseum

Dome of pantheon

Sankor
Mosque,
Timbuktu

The chapel at Kings College,

Cambridge, England, is an
example of the Perpendicular
architectural style. Construction
of the chapel was completed in
1515. The fan vaulting in the
ceiling, seen here, is extremely
fine. The organ screen was
added in the 1530s.

Ely Cathedral

Ely Cathedral, in Cambridgeshire, built 1083-1130, is

set on an island that was originally surrounded by
marshy fenland and, seen from a distance, rises
dramatically out of an immense expanse of level
land. The octagonal tower over the crossing (right)
is unique in English architecture of the period.

Canterbury Cathedral
The east end of
Canterbury Cathedral is
the earliest example of
fully fledged Gothic
architecture in Britain. It
was begun in 1174 and,
dating from this early
stage of the Gothic style in
Britain, is closely
modelled on French
Gothic cathedrals.

Durham Cathedral

Durham Cathedral, completed in 1137 in a robust

Romanesque style, occupies a commanding position
high above the River Wear. The imposing
appearance of the mighty cathedral reflected the
power that the prince-bishops of Durham enjoyed
during the Middle Ages.

Tower of London

The Tower of London, begun by William the

Conqueror c. 1077, is a prominent example of the
type of stone-built castle that the Normans built in
England to assert their authority in the newly
conquered land.

St Paul's
Cathedral
Sir Christopher Wrens
design for St Pauls
Cathedral, completed in
1710, was heavily
influenced by the
Baroque style,
which was previously unknown in England but
popular in France and Italy. The faade of St Pauls
resembles the east front of the Louvre in Paris,
while the central dome recalls the Baroque
grandeur of the dome of St Peters in Rome.

Hagias Sophia,
stanbul
Hagia Sophia (Church of the Holy Wisdom) was built
in Constantinople (now stanbul) between 532 and
537 under the auspices of Emperor Justinian I.
Innovative Byzantine technology allowed architects
Anthemius of Tralles and Isidore of Miletus to design
a basilica with an immense dome over an open,
square space, pictured. The original dome fell after
an earthquake and was replaced in 563. The church
became a mosque after the Ottoman conquest of
1453, and is now a museum.

Char Minar, Hyderabad

The Char Minar at the centre of Hyderabad dates

from 1591, and is the crossing point of the citys two
main thoroughfares.

Crdoba, Spain

The Moorish history of the city of Crdoba in Spain

dates from the 8th century, when the city became a
Muslim caliphate. The Moorish influence can still be
seen in much of the architecture, including the citys
famous cathedral, originally an impressive mosque.

Royal Pavilion,
Brighton

Remodelled in the early 19th century as an Indian

Mughal palace, with onion-shaped domes, filigree
arches and minarets, the Royal Pavilion in Brighton
is an extreme example of European fascination with
the Orient. The interior is decorated in exotic
Chinese style.

Cathedral of Saint-Denis
The cathedral of SaintDenis, near Paris, is the
first major example of
Gothic architecture. The
building was the work of
Suger, the abbot of SaintDenis, who completely
remodelled an older church.
The church was designed
to permit the entry of light,
which was considered
necessary to create an
atmosphere conducive to
prayer.

Salisbury Cathedral

Salisbury Cathedral is one

of the finest examples of
English Gothic architecture.
Construction began in 1220
and continued for almost 50
years. The spire over the
crossing and the flying
buttresses

Peterborough Cathedral

The magnificent west

front of the cathedral
consists of a Gothic
screen with three
enormous arches,
superimposed on the
earlier Norman faade.

Wells Cathedral
Wells Cathedral, with a
profusion of stone
carving on its famous
west front, is one of the
most magnificent
Gothic cathedrals in
England. The inverted
arches at the crossing
(seen here) were built
(1338-1340) to support
the weight of the
central tower, which
had begun to settle and
tilt.

Canopus at
Hadrian's
Villa

Hadrian's Villa, at Tivoli, constructed between ad 118

and 134, was the largest Roman villa ever built. It
was surrounded by a landscaped garden with a pool,
the Canopus, named after the two-mile canal
connecting Canopus and Alexandria in Greece. The
Canopus, seen here, is bordered with classical
columns and arches interspersed with copies of
Greek sculptures.

King Abdullah
Mosque in
Amman,
Jordan
The King Abdullah Mosque in Amman, Jordan, is
an example of modern Islamic architecture. Islam
is Jordans state religion and about nine-tenths of
the population are Sunni Muslims. Communal
prayer is important in the Islamic religion, making
a mosque the centre of a community.

Dome of the
Rock,
Jerusalem

The oldest extant Islamic structure is the

Dome of the Rock, built by the caliph Abd
al-Malik in the late 7th century. It stands on
the sacred rock in Jerusalem where the
Prophet Mohammad is supposed to have
ascended to heaven. The mosques basic
octagonal design encloses a central space
topped by a dome. A rich mosaic decoration

Courtyard,
MadresahMosque,
Efahn

The Masjid-i-Shah, in Efahn, is a madresah (a

school, on the plan of a courtyard, for students of
Islam) that also incorporates a mosque. It was
built in 1612-1637. The mosques dome has one
of the finest examples of tilework in the world.

Taj Mahal, Agra

The Taj Mahal, the most celebrated example

of Mughal architecture, was built as a
mausoleum for the wife of Shah Jahan after
her death in 1631. It is constructed of white
marble inlaid with gems. At each corner is a
minaret, and passages from the Koran
adorn the outer walls. Both Shah Jahan and
his wife are buried in a vault beneath the

Arch of
Constantine

The Arch of Constantine, in Rome, was built

between 312 and 315 to commemorate
Constantine the Greats victory over
Maxentius, making Constantine the
absolute monarch of the Roman Empire. The
triple arch has four free-standing columns

Lincoln
Cathedral

Lincoln Cathedral, completed in the late

14th century, is among the most important
examples of Gothic architecture. The Angel
Choir, seen here, dates from between 1256
and 1280 and is in the Decorated Style, a
medieval English style that paid particular
attention to ornately patterned windows.
The traceried window of the east front,
visible beyond, is the focal point of the

Salisbury
Cathedral

Salisbury Cathedral
is one of the finest
examples of English
Gothic architecture.
It was built between
1220 and 1266, but
the spire over the
crossing and the
flying buttresses
were added in the
14th century. The
two sets of
transepts on the
north and east sides
are unusual for
Gothic buildings.

Doges' Palace,
Venice

Venetian Gothic style is exemplified by the Doges

Palace, for many years home to the dukes of Venice,
Italy. An arcade runs around the bottom of the
building, and above it is the loggia, an open-sided
gallery, with pointed arches and quatrefoils.

Palatine Chapel at Aachen

The Palace Chapel in Aachen
Cathedral, built in 790-805, is in
a Romanesque style derived
from that of the church of San
Vitale in Ravenna. Although it
has the octagonal, centralized,
and vaulted structure of earlier
Byzantine churches, the
massive vaults and piers are
more typical of Romanesque
architecture.

Arc de Triomphe

The Arc de Triomphe, one of the major landmarks in

Paris, stands at the top of the Champs lyses.
Commissioned by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1806, the
monument was inspired by the Arch of Constantine
in Rome and is the national cenotaph of France.

Cathedral Group at Pisa

This group of Romanesque buildings in Pisa,

including the baptistery (left), cathedral (centre), and
campanile (bell tower), better known as the Leaning
Tower (rear right), date from between 1053 and 1272.
The tiers of blind arches that recur throughout the
group are characteristic of Romanesque

Duomo, Florence

The design and construction of the dome (14201436) of Florence Cathedral was Brunelleschis
greatest achievement. As well as being a great
technical innovation, the dome is beautifully
proportioned. It is based on Brunelleschis
observation of Roman architecture.