Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Level 2 - Plans
Level 3 - Plans
WP-1
WP-4
WP-3
WP-2
A
B
C
D
E
F
O
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
U
n
i
t
s
Circuit
board
Design
cost
account
P-10-1
D-1-1
D-1-2
Design
WP D-1-1 Specifications
WP D-1-2 Documentation
P-10-2
S-22-2
T-13-1
C
S-22-1
Production
cost
account
Production
WP P-10-1 Proto 1
WP P-10-2 Final Proto 2
Test
cost
account
Test systems
WP T-13-1 Test
Software
cost
account
Software
WP S-22-1 Software preliminary
WP S-22-1 Software final version
A
Specifications
and documentation
2
Proto
1
5
C
Preliminary
software
3
Final
proto 2
4
Final
software
2
Test
3
Activity-on-Node Network
Fundamentals
J, K, & L can all begin at
A
A is preceded by nothing
B is preceded by A
C is preceded by B
(A)
(C)
but
All (J, K, L) must be
completed before M can
begin
AA AA is preceded by X and Y
Z is preceded by X and Y
(B)
(D)
Activity-on-Node Network
Fundamentals
B
Construction
plans
Staff report
15
15
H
Occupancy
Application
approval
5
F
Traffic
study
10
D
ES
ID
SL
Description
LS
Dur
EF
EF
LF
Service
check
5
Commission
approval
10
G
Wait for
construction
170
35
Dari
Ke
Dari
Desain Implementasi
Prototype Testing
Ke
S-S
Analisis Desain
Dari
Ke
S-F
Testing Dokumentasi
Dari
Ke
20
20
20
Construction
plans
15
35
Staff report
15
15
35
20
200
235
Occupancy
0
Application
approval
15
20
Traffic
study
15
10
ES
ID
SL
Description
LS
Dur
EF
EF
LF
10
Service
check
5
30
Commission
approval
10
10
30
200
Wait for
construction
170
35
200
E
185
Construction
plans
5
15
Staff report
20
185
15
200
20
185
H
Occupancy
A
Application
approval
0
C
Traffic
study
10
15
10
10
20
20
D
ES
ID
SL
Description
LS
Dur
LS
Service
check
EF
LF
15
Commission
approval
20
20
20
10
30
200
Wait for
construction
30
170
200
35
235
Lag 10
20
0
0
5
5
Lag 5
25
15
15
0
10
20
15
30
30
5
10
45
30
0
30
40
5
10
45
40
5
45
Lag 10
10
Legend
ES
ID
SL
LS
Dur
Lag 5
EF
11
SL
21
LF
25
11
15
36
25
36
40
Lag 10
11
0
4
40
50
0
50
11
11
0
0
0
5
11
11
10
21
10
10
13
14
8
4
18
Legend
ES
ID
EF
SL
Description
LS
Dur.
LF
21
8
1
18
G
Hammock
8
13
21
25
25
0
3
21
21
Description
Predecessor
Time Unit
None
External Specifications
Write Software
60
60
Review Manual
Alpha Site
E, F
20
Print Manual
10
Beta Site
H, I
10
Manufacture
12
Crashing
(Reduksi Waktu Proyek)
Crash time adalah:
Tindakan untuk mengurangi durasi keseluruhan
proyek stlh menganalisa alternatif-alternatif yang
ada (dari jaringan kerja)
Untuk mengoptimalisasikan waktu kerja dengan
biaya terendah.
Seringkali dalam crashing terjadi trade-off,
yaitu pertukaran waktu dengan biaya.
Kenapa Crashing ?
Mengurangi Time-to-market
Reward (insentif) dari pemberi
order
Mengurangi biaya-biaya tidak
langsung (overhead costs)
Mengurangi risiko untuk hal-hal
yang tak terduga
Pengalihan sumber daya untuk
proyek lain
Reduksi Waktu
Konsekuensi crashing
Mengurangi kualitas;
Mengsubkontrakkan (outsourcing);
Menambah sumberdaya;
Menyusun kembali logika jaringan
kerja;
Mengurangi cakupan proyek;
Bertambahnya biaya produksi
langsung (trade-of).
Total
costs
50
Optimum
cost-time
point
Grafik
hubungan
waktu dan
biaya dalam
Low-cost
proyek
Costs
40
30
plan
duration
point
Direct
costs
20
Indirect
costs
10
0
10
12
Project duration
14
16
Activity Graph
$800
Crash
cost
Crash point
Activity cost
600
400
Normal
point
Normal
cost
200
Crashcost Normalcost
Normaltime- Crashtime
$800 $400
5
Activity duration (units)
Cost-Time Trade-Off
Example
(1)
Dire ct cos ts
Maximum
cra sh
time
1
2
1
4
2
1
0
Activity
Slope
ID
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
20
40
30
25
30
30
0
Nor mal
Time Cost
3
$50
6
80
10
60
11
50
8
100
5
40
6
70
Time 24
Crash
Time Cost
2
$70
4
160
9
90
7
150
6
160
4
70
6
70
Legend
$450
ACT
DUR
10
2x
10
11
11
(a)
Initial total
direct cost $ 450
Total
direct cost $ 470
(b)
Activities changed
A
$20
Total
direct cost $ 495
2x
10
10
Total
direct cost $ 525
(a)
Time 22
Activities changed
F
$30
2x
10
10
4x
Activities changed
D
$25
(b)
Total
direct cost $ 610
2x
9x
4x
Durasi proyek
Biaya langsung
25
Activities changed
F
D
E
$30 $25 $30
Biaya total
450
Biaya tak
langsung
400
24
470
350
820
23
495
300
795
22
525
250
775
21
610
200
810
850
Max.
Crash
Time
B
16
Time 32
A
7
Direct Cost
Normal
Crash
Time
Cost Time Cost
7
$50
5
$70
16
$14
15
$20
12
$4
10
$12
8
$21
7
$30
6
$10
3
$19
13
$22
12
$30
$121
D
8
E
6
C
12
F
13