Energy of a System

Fibryanti Arin Priandini

4201414012

Work Done by a Constant Force

The Scalar Product of Two Vectors

The scalar product of any two vectors A
and B is defined as a scalar quantity
equal to the product of the magnitudes
of the two vectors and the cosine of the
angle u between them:

Work Done by a Varying Force

For the general case of a net force whose magnitude and

direction may both vary, we use the scalar product,

Work Done by a Spring

Spring force
The negative sign in
signifies that the force
exerted by
the spring is always directed
opposite the displacement
from equilibrium.

Therefore, the work done by this

applied force (the external agent) on
the system of the block is

This work is equal to the negative

of the work done by the spring
force for this displacement. The
work is negative because the
external agent must push inward on
the spring to prevent it from
expanding, and this direction is
opposite the direction of the
displacement of the point of
application of the force as the block
moves from -xmax to 0.

For an arbitrary displacement of the block, the work done on the

system by the external agent is :

Kinetic Energy and the WorkKinetic

Energy Theorem
The net force on a particle of mass m is equal to the difference
between the initial and final values of a quantity 12mv. This
quantity is so important that it has been given a special name,
kinetic energy :

Kinetic energy represents the energy associated with the

motion of the particle. Note that kinetic energy is a scalar
quantity and has the same units as work.

 When work is done on a system and the only change in the

system is in its speed, the net work done on the system equals
the change in kinetic energy of the system.

Potential Energy of a System

Gravitational potential energy

Gravitational potential energy depends only on

the vertical height of the object
above the surface of the Earth

Elastic Potential Energy

The elastic potential energy function associated with the block

spring system is defined by

Conservative and Nonconservative

Forces
Conservative Forces
Conservative forces have these two equivalent properties:
1. The work done by a conservative force on a particle moving
between any two points is independent of the path taken by the
particle.
2. The work done by a conservative force on a particle moving
through any closed path is zero. (A closed path is one for which
the beginning point and the endpoint are identical.)

Nonconservative Forces
A force is nonconservative if it does not satisfy properties 1 and
2 above. The work done by a nonconservative force is pathdependent

Relationship Between Conservative

Forces and Potential Energy
system by a conservative force between the members of the
system does not depend on the path taken by the moving
member. The work depends only on the initial and final
coordinates.

Relation of force between

members of a system to the
potential energy of the system

Energy Diagrams and Equilibrium of a

System
Systems can be in three types of equilibrium configurations
when the net force on a member of the system is zero.
Configurations of stable equilibrium correspond to those for
which U(x) is a minimum.
Configurations of unstable equilibrium correspond to those
for which U(x) is a maximum.
Neutral equilibrium arises when U is constant as a member of
the system moves over some region.