Вы находитесь на странице: 1из 76

Frequency Planning

and Spectrum Management


Alliances Consulting Group Inc.
Toronto, Canada.
Karl Hentschel B.Eng., B.A.
May 18 to 22, 2009
karlh@modern-concepts.com
KEN 3190, Module 1

Agenda Module 1
Introductions
Presenter
Course Members

Review of Course Goals and Objectives


Introduction of Course Subjects
Topics to be covered
Changing Telecommunications World
Overview
What is Spectrum?
Basic Frequency Utilization techniques
Reasons for Spectrum Management

KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 2

Karl Hentschel Background


Extensive background in the telecommunications
field in Canada and globally
Experience in network design, network services,
operations, training, strategic planning
Worked in regulatory affairs, marketing, training,
operations and engineering for a major carrier in
senior line and staff positions
Conducts telecommunications workshops and
training internationally in a number of countries

KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 3

Alliances Background

Over 30 years ICT background


Established in 1989
Member of the CTO PDT Program
Strategic Planning for Business & IT
Strong Telco background including Policy,
Regulation, Business Development and Operations
Extensive background in Global Environments
including Public & Private Sectors.
Design and Delivery of Technical, Management,
Operational Training including eLearning Expertise
Network & Systems Planning, Design,
Implementation, and Project Management
KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 4

Our Guiding Principles


Commitment to Deliver and Sustain a Real
Value Proposition
Overall Delivery based on Careful Planning,
and Quality Delivery
Proven Track for Delivering Value
Solutions based on Business Needs
Technology Transfer and Skills
State of the art delivery systems including
eLearning-based courses.

KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 5

Delivery Methodologies & Best Practices

Collaboration &

Delivery based on
satisfaction of
Client Goals

Experienced ICT
Professionals, &
Technology Partners

Best Practices
based on
established
International
Standards &
Memberships of
Professional
Organizations

KEN 3190

Sound Technical Student Centric


& Management
Learning &
Training
Knowledge

eLearning

Module 1, Slide 6

Course Goal
GOAL (Practical Orientation)
The overall goal of this course is to:
o

KEN 3190

Understand principles, policies and standards


pertaining to an effective radio frequency
spectrum management program
Understand spectrum management techniques to
confirm proper frequency assignments and
associated planning processes
Be able to apply proper procedures to plan,
manage, monitor and correct frequency utilization

Module 1, Slide 7

Course Objectives
The desired outcome is that the
Participants of the Class, in the course
of the next five days, gain an
understanding of Spectrum Management
processes and can apply CCKs or NCCs
Spectrum Management Procedures
respectively, within the national,
regional and international Spectrum
Management guidelines
KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 8

Course Agenda
Module 1:
Introductions
Frequency Planning and Spectrum
Management Overviews:
ICT Networks and Wireless Spectrum
Radio Spectrum
Introduction to Spectrum Management
Review of Basic Frequency Utilization techniques
Terminology and Concepts
Physical Characteristics
Transmission Characteristics
Analog vs. digital microwave systems
Modulation Techniques
KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 9

Course Agenda
Module 2:
Review of Module 1
Detailed Discussions:

Radio Spectrum as a Resource


Standards
ITU and its role
Other regional, national spectrum management organizations
Frequency Allocation
Licensed vs. unlicensed (licence exempt) bands

Frequency Coordination

Class Exercise using the automated WRAP demo


application:
Creating a National Table of Frequency Allocations

KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 10

Course Agenda
Module 3:
Standards pertaining to:

Propagation
Fresnel Zones
Impairments
Link Budget
Site and Path selections

Class Exercise using the automated WRAP demo


application:
Planning a small 16Mbps microwave link network, 4GHz band
(to be the base network for the following class exercises):
Coverage under Jamming
Checking for co-location interference
Interference check
KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 11

Course Agenda
Module 4:
Detailed Discussions:
Spectrum Pricing
National Spectrum Management:

Policy and planning


Frequency allocation
Authorization, licensing
Price setting
Compliance monitoring and enforcing
International coordination
Optimizing spectrum capacity

Class Exercises using the automated


WRAP demo application :
Frequency assignment
Licensing process
Coordination and notification process
KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 12

Course Agenda
Module 5:
Review Modules 1 through 4
Spectrum Management continued
Considerations regarding specific services

Fixed
Broadcast
Satellite
Mobile (spread spectrum)
Amateur services

Class Exercise using the automated


WRAP demo application :
Earth station coordination

KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 13

Course Agenda
Module 6:
Review Modules 1 through 5
Class Exercises using the automated
WRAP demo application:
Planning a microwave link network:
Review of Exercise in Module 3: a small 16Mbps m/w
link in 4GHz band
Exercise 2: a small 2Mbps m/w link in 1.6GHz band

Planning mobile access at two link locations


Grouping of stations to gain frequency efficiency

Close

KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 14

Introduction
We live in the Information Age
World Wide Web (www) emergence has
caused a revolution in human life style and
information access
Factory and office workers have become
analyzers, manipulators, information
gatherers, and distributors of information
Telecommunication has been affected the
most with explosive growth in its various
components.
KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 15

Introduction
The distribution of information (audio, video
and data) from one location to another is a
vital role of telecommunication
Developing Economies are adopting new
technologies in cases faster than
developed economies (cellular, wireless,
Next-Generation-Networks, etc).
Demand for right knowledge and effective
training are key requirements in all
countries.
KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 16

Telecommunications to ICT?
Historically telecommunications is transfer of
analog voice contents to a distant point
In our case, telecommunications has evolved
from voice to data to integrated voice and data
and then adding video, it has now been
branded
Information Communication Technologies
or more commonly called ICT
ICT is a derivative of advanced voice and data
communications and more recently, multi-media,
Basically consisting of two logic levels 1 and 0, which
are used to transmit voice, video and data contents.
KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 17

ICT Networks
Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)
Primarily analog
Mainly used for voice
Also analog data using MoDem technology

Packet switched networks


Digital data

Wireless (mobile) networks


Either digital or analog voice and low speed
data (higher speeds with late generation networks)

KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 18

ICT NETWORKS
ICT Communication Networks use different media for
transmission
Copper Wires
Mostly analog,
also digital but small bandwidth
Primarily local distribution, also long distance
transmission

Fiber Optic networks Light waves through Fiber


Digital
Large bandwidth

Wireless - Radio Frequencies in space


analog or digital
If digital: medium bandwidth, lower than Fibre Optic
KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 19

ICT NETWORKS
ICT Networks use suitable technologies for
access to customers and for transport
between network nodes:
wireline technologies:
Copper local loops and copper landlines
Fibre optics access and transport (FOTS)

Wireless technologies:
Radio frequency spectrum
3KHz to 300GHz
Light frequency spectrum
>300GHz
Carrier frequency in fibre optics applications: THz
range
KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 20

FREQUENCY SPECTRUM
What is Frequency Spectrum?
Electric and magnetic fields that produce waves
moving through space at different frequencies
Set of all possible frequencies called the
electromagnetic spectrum
Nearly 300 billion frequencies
1% is below 300GHz fitting into Radio Spectrum
90% of spectrum use is within this range
Wireless communications and entertainment use
Therefore, need for spectrum allocation within this
range
To prevent congestion which can lead to
interference
For proper allocation and management, spectrum is
sliced into frequency bands
KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 21

FREQUENCY SPECTRUM
Frequency Spectrum Subsets:
Radio spectrum: 3000Hz to 300GHz
Does not require a medium
Travels at speed of light
Can carry energy and messages

Long wave: below 3000Hz


Light spectrum: above 300GHz
Requires a medium (fibre optics) to be used in
telecommunications
Not under spectrum management rules

X-ray and gamma-ray frequencies even higher

KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 22

WIRELESS SPECTRUM
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Includes:
Usable radio frequency spectrum
(3KHz to 300 GHZ)
Most usable spectrum for
communications purposes
Higher frequencies are in light
or optical spectrum
Communications applications
are primarily fibre optics
transmission

Source: Louis E. Keiner, Coastal Carolina University

KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 23

WIRELESS SPECTRUM
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Another view:

Source: www.yorku.ca/eye/spectru.htm

KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 24

RADIO SPECTRUM
Radio Spectrum suitable
for Telecommunications
Ranges from:
3KHZ Very Low Frequency
(VHF)
to
300GHz Extremely High
Frequency (EHF)

Source: www.wikipedia.org

KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 25

RADIO SPECTRUM
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Another view with emphasis on telecommunications:

Source: Alcatel Microwave Applications

KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 26

RADIO SPECTRUM
Radio Spectrum Frequency Bands
Another view:

MF = Medium Frequencies

ELF = Extremely Low Frequencies HF = High Frequencies


SLF = Super Low Frequencies

VHF = Very High Frequencies

ULF = Ultra Low Frequencies

UHF = Ultra High Frequencies

VLF = Very Low Frequencies

SHF = Super High Frequencies

LF = Low Frequencies

EHF = Extremely High Frequencies


Radio spectrum

ELF

SLF

ULF

VLF

LF

MF

HF

VHF

UHF

SHF

EHF

3 Hz

30 Hz

300 Hz

3 kHz

30 kHz

300 kHz

3 MHz

30 MHz

300 MHz

3 GHz

30 GHz

30 Hz

300 Hz

3 kHz

30 kHz

300 kHz

3 MHz

30 MHz

300 MHz

3 GHz

30 GHz

300 GHz

KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 27

RADIO SPECTRUM
Extremely Low Frequency
Applications:
ELF = 3Hz to 30Hz
Generally not suitable for telecommunications purposes
Used in submarine applications overcoming limitations in electrical
conductivity of salt water
Also used by submerged moving sensors in pipelines to detect blockages
Radio spectrum
ELF

SLF

ULF

VLF

LF

MF

HF

VHF

UHF

SHF

EHF

3 Hz

30 Hz

300 Hz

3 kHz

30 kHz

300 kHz

3 MHz

30 MHz

300 MHz

3 GHz

30 GHz

30 Hz

300 Hz

3 kHz

30 kHz

300 kHz

3 MHz

30 MHz

300 MHz

3 GHz

30 GHz

300 GHz

KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 28

RADIO SPECTRUM
Super Low Frequency
Applications:
SLF = 30Hz to 300Hz
Generally not suitable for telecommunications purposes
Used in submarine radio applications overcoming limitations in electrical
conductivity of salt water which do not allow higher frequency
transmission
Also the frequencies emitted by AC current in power grids
Radio spectrum
ELF

SLF

ULF

VLF

LF

MF

HF

VHF

UHF

SHF

EHF

3 Hz

30 Hz

300 Hz

3 kHz

30 kHz

300 kHz

3 MHz

30 MHz

300 MHz

3 GHz

30 GHz

30 Hz

300 Hz

3 kHz

30 kHz

300 kHz

3 MHz

30 MHz

300 MHz

3 GHz

30 GHz

300 GHz

KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 29

RADIO SPECTRUM
Ultra Low Frequency
Applications:
ULF = 300Hz to 3KHz
Limited suitability for telecommunications purposes
Used primarily underground, in mines, etc., due to the ability of signals
in this range to penetrate the earth

Radio spectrum
ELF

SLF

ULF

VLF

LF

MF

HF

VHF

UHF

SHF

EHF

3 Hz

30 Hz

300 Hz

3 kHz

30 kHz

300 kHz

3 MHz

30 MHz

300 MHz

3 GHz

30 GHz

30 Hz

300 Hz

3 kHz

30 kHz

300 kHz

3 MHz

30 MHz

300 MHz

3 GHz

30 GHz

300 GHz

KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 30

RADIO SPECTRUM
Very Low Frequency
Applications:
VLF = 3KHz to 30KHz
Limited suitability for telecommunications purposes
Primarily in radio navigation of submerged craft
Minimum penetration of 10 to 40m depending on salinity of water

Radio spectrum
ELF

SLF

ULF

VLF

LF

MF

HF

VHF

UHF

SHF

EHF

3 Hz

30 Hz

300 Hz

3 kHz

30 kHz

300 kHz

3 MHz

30 MHz

300 MHz

3 GHz

30 GHz

30 Hz

300 Hz

3 kHz

30 kHz

300 kHz

3 MHz

30 MHz

300 MHz

3 GHz

30 GHz

300 GHz

KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 31

RADIO SPECTRUM
Low Frequency
Applications:
LF = 30KHz to 300KHz
Limited suitability for telecommunications purposes
AM broadcast, submarine communication, navigation, weather systems
Mostly mast antennae, whereby the whole mast, insulated from the
ground, acts as an antenna

Radio spectrum
ELF

SLF

ULF

VLF

LF

MF

HF

VHF

UHF

SHF

EHF

3 Hz

30 Hz

300 Hz

3 kHz

30 kHz

300 kHz

3 MHz

30 MHz

300 MHz

3 GHz

30 GHz

30 Hz

300 Hz

3 kHz

30 kHz

300 kHz

3 MHz

30 MHz

300 MHz

3 GHz

30 GHz

300 GHz

KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 32

RADIO SPECTRUM
Medium Frequency
Applications:
MF = 300KHz to 3MHz
Limited suitability for telecommunications purposes
AM broadcast
Waves follow curvature of the earth and are also reflected off the
ionosphere at night

Radio spectrum
ELF

SLF

ULF

VLF

LF

MF

HF

VHF

UHF

SHF

EHF

3 Hz

30 Hz

300 Hz

3 kHz

30 kHz

300 kHz

3 MHz

30 MHz

300 MHz

3 GHz

30 GHz

30 Hz

300 Hz

3 kHz

30 kHz

300 kHz

3 MHz

30 MHz

300 MHz

3 GHz

30 GHz

300 GHz

KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 33

RADIO SPECTRUM
High Frequency
Applications:
HF = 3MHz to 30MHz
Limited suitability for telecommunications purposes
Shortwave radio, amateur communications
Excellent reflection by ionosphere

Radio spectrum
ELF

SLF

ULF

VLF

LF

MF

HF

VHF

UHF

SHF

EHF

3 Hz

30 Hz

300 Hz

3 kHz

30 kHz

300 kHz

3 MHz

30 MHz

300 MHz

3 GHz

30 GHz

30 Hz

300 Hz

3 kHz

30 kHz

300 kHz

3 MHz

30 MHz

300 MHz

3 GHz

30 GHz

300 GHz

KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 34

RADIO SPECTRUM
Very High Frequency
Applications:
VHF = 30MHz to 300MHz
Limited suitability for telecommunications purposes
FM radio, television below UHF, walkie-talkies
Requires line of sight

Radio spectrum
ELF

SLF

ULF

VLF

LF

MF

HF

VHF

UHF

SHF

EHF

3 Hz

30 Hz

300 Hz

3 kHz

30 kHz

300 kHz

3 MHz

30 MHz

300 MHz

3 GHz

30 GHz

30 Hz

300 Hz

3 kHz

30 kHz

300 kHz

3 MHz

30 MHz

300 MHz

3 GHz

30 GHz

300 GHz

KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 35

RADIO SPECTRUM
Ultra High Frequency
Applications:
UHF = 300MHz to 3GHz
Suitable for telecommunications purposes
UHF television, mobile phone service, two-way radio
Usually frequency modulated, relatively narrow-band

Radio spectrum
ELF

SLF

ULF

VLF

LF

MF

HF

VHF

UHF

SHF

EHF

3 Hz

30 Hz

300 Hz

3 kHz

30 kHz

300 kHz

3 MHz

30 MHz

300 MHz

3 GHz

30 GHz

30 Hz

300 Hz

3 kHz

30 kHz

300 kHz

3 MHz

30 MHz

300 MHz

3 GHz

30 GHz

300 GHz

KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 36

RADIO SPECTRUM
Super High Frequency
Applications:
SHF = 3GHz to 30GHz
Suitable for telecommunications purposes
Used for microwave devices, mobile phones (W-CDMA), WLAN,
modern Radars, Wireless USB technology, 802.11 applications,
satellite up and downlinks, microwave backhaul facilities
Line of sight requirements, suitable for longer distances
Radio spectrum
ELF

SLF

ULF

VLF

LF

MF

HF

VHF

UHF

SHF

EHF

3 Hz

30 Hz

300 Hz

3 kHz

30 kHz

300 kHz

3 MHz

30 MHz

300 MHz

3 GHz

30 GHz

30 Hz

300 Hz

3 kHz

30 kHz

300 kHz

3 MHz

30 MHz

300 MHz

3 GHz

30 GHz

300 GHz

KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 37

RADIO SPECTRUM
Extremely High Frequency
Applications:
EHF = 30GHz to 300GHz
Suitable for telecommunications purposes
Used for Point-to-Point and Point-to-Multipoint access facilities, high
speed digital microwave,
Line of sight requirements, unsuitable for longer distances, subject to
rain fade
Radio spectrum
ELF

SLF

ULF

VLF

LF

MF

HF

VHF

UHF

SHF

EHF

3 Hz

30 Hz

300 Hz

3 kHz

30 kHz

300 kHz

3 MHz

30 MHz

300 MHz

3 GHz

30 GHz

30 Hz

300 Hz

3 kHz

30 kHz

300 kHz

3 MHz

30 MHz

300 MHz

3 GHz

30 GHz

300 GHz

KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 38

RADIO SPECTRUM
Attributes:
Lower frequencies:

Higher frequencies:

Generally:

Generally:

Long distance

Short distance

Narrow bandwidth

High bandwidth

Follow contour of Earth

Require Line of Sight

Radio spectrum
ELF

SLF

ULF

VLF

LF

MF

HF

VHF

UHF

SHF

EHF

3 Hz

30 Hz

300 Hz

3 kHz

30 kHz

300 kHz

3 MHz

30 MHz

300 MHz

3 GHz

30 GHz

30 Hz

300 Hz

3 kHz

30 kHz

300 kHz

3 MHz

30 MHz

300 MHz

3 GHz

30 GHz

300 GHz

KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 39

RADIO SPECTRUM
Transmission Patterns:
Omni-directional

Semi-directional

Directional

Application Examples:
Broadcast: AM/FM
radioTV, public safety,
some cellular, amateur
services
KEN 3190

Point-multipoint,
wireless local loop,
cellular

Telecom carrier transport,


cellular backhaul
satellite

Module 1, Slide 40

RADIO SPECTRUM
Typical Transmission Range (PP):

Distances are typical for availability better than 99.999%

Source: Alcatel Microwave Radio Technology

KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 41

RADIO SPECTRUM
Typical Telecommunications Applications:

KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 42

RADIO SPECTRUM
Use of the Radio Spectrum is hotly contested
Principal uses of the various segments of the
radio spectrum are:
Determined by the physical characteristics of the
individual frequency bands
For instance: TV broadcasting and mobile
communications are constrained within a relatively small
part of the radio spectrum
Furthermore limited by need to cater for other uses such
as aeronautical, scientific, emergency and military
applications.

KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 43

RADIO SPECTRUM
Finite resource

The radio spectrum comprises the total free space


frequencies available for telecommunications
No additional frequencies can be added

Inexhaustible resource

Occupied by use but not consumed


However, only one user per frequency band

In a specific geographic area


At the same time
Can be reassigned for different areas provided there is
sufficient geographic separation

Flexible

Easily deployed
Less expensive than physical infrastructure
However, application dependent on characteristic of
frequency band

KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 44

RADIO SPECTRUM
Therefore,
Tightly managed
Global, regional and national control and management

Global management
ITU (International Telecommunications Union):
Through Standards (Recommendations)
Through World Radio Conferences
Fostering cooperation

Regional management
African Telecommunications Union (ATU)
Coordination of national interests
Through Regional Radio Conferences
Recommendations
KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 45

RADIO SPECTRUM

KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 46

RADIO SPECTRUM
Each sovereign Nation has control over the
Radio Spectrum within its Borders
Usually managed by Ministry of
Communications or Telecommunications
Regulatory Authority
Tight management of Radio Spectrum:
to prevent interference, especially near borders
with adjoining countries
to ensure prudent and proper utilization
To ensure national priorities are addressed
KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 47

Radio Spectrum
Regulatory Objective Pre-2000

KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 48

Radio Spectrum
Regulatory Objective post-2000

KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 49

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Before we discuss Spectrum


Management on a National Level, we
will review a few physical
characteristics and technical basics

KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 50

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
ITU Frequency Band Nomenclature
ITU Band

Designation

Frequency

Wavelength

ELF

3 - 30 Hz

100,000 km - 10,000 km

SLF

30 - 300 Hz

10,000 km - 1000 km

ULF

300 - 3000 Hz

1000 km - 100 km

VLF

3 - 30 kHz

100 km - 10 km

LF

30 - 300 kHz

10 km - 1 km

MF

300 - 3000 kHz

1 km - 100 m

HF

3 - 30 MHz

100 m - 10 m

VHF

30 - 300 MHz

10 m - 1 m

UHF

300 - 3000 MHz

1 m - 10 cm

10

SHF

3 - 30 GHz

10 cm - 1 cm

11

EHF

30 - 300 GHz

1 cm - 1 mm

KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 51

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Source: http://imagers.gsfc.nasa.gov/ems/waves3.html

KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 52

TRANSMISSION BASICS
Radio Communications:
One-way only (Simplex):
Transmission in one direction only
Usually full frequency band assigned to one
simplex channel

KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 53

TRANSMISSION BASICS
Radio Communications:
Two-way (Duplex):
Transmission in both directions at the same time,
however at different frequencies within one band
Frequency bandwidth split into two channels
(Frequency Division Duplexing FDD)

KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 54

TRANSMISSION BASICS
Radio Communications:

Two-way (Half-duplex):
Transmission in both directions, however at
different times at the same frequencies
Full bandwidth used for transmission in either
direction

KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 55

TRANSMISSION BASICS
Information carried by carrier wave
can be either analog or digital

KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 56

Analog Signals
Naturally produced sounds
Speech
Music
Others

First telecommunications transmission


Continuous signal made up of varying
current and voltage

KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 57

Analog Signals
Sine wave form
Signal Strength = Amplitude
Repeat of a 360 wave over time = Frequency

KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 58

Analog Signals
Amplitude modulation is volume, strength
Frequency modulation is pitch
Suspect to noise and signal degradation
Noise is added to signal distorting original sine
wave
Affects frequency
Difficult to regenerate
Degradation affects amplitude
Difficult to correct

Proper grounding of all components is


mandatory
KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 59

Digital Signals

Machine generated
State over time: 0 and 1
Measured in bits/second
Easily regenerated
Better suited for telecommunications
transmission than analog
Analog to digital conversion and vice
versa: Modem (Modulator/Demodulator)
KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 60

Digital Signals
State:
Either ON or OFF,
Also 1 or 0

KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 61

Digital Signals

Source: http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~www_pa/Scots_Guide/info/signals/digital/digital.htm

KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 62

DIGITAL SIGNALS
More efficient use of bandwidth
Easy integration with PCS devices
Maintains higher quality of voice
transmission over longer distances
More difficult to decode
Can use lower transmit power
Uses smaller and less expensive
transmission equipment
Offers voice privacy
KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 63

MODULATION TECHNIQUES
Analog Modulation Techniques:
Purpose:
To place information onto a carrier wave
for transmission

KEN 3190

Amplitude modulation
Frequency modulation
Phase modulation
Combination of different techniques

Module 1, Slide 64

MODULATION TECHNIQUES
Amplitude modulation:
Information is placed onto carrier signal
affecting amplitude

KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 65

MODULATION TECHNIQUES
Frequency modulation:
Information is placed onto carrier signal its
frequency

KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 66

MODULATION TECHNIQUES
Phase modulation:
Information is placed onto carrier
signal affecting its timing (phase)

KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 67

MODULATION TECHNIQUES
Amplitude and Phase modulation:
Information is placed onto carrier signal
affecting its amplitude and its timing

KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 68

MODULATION TECHNIQUES
Modulation of Analog Signals

KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 69

MODULATION TECHNIQUES
Digital Modulation Techniques
The principal classes of modulation are:
Phase-shift keying (PSK)
Frequency-shift keying (FSK) (see also audio frequency-shift keying
(AFSK))
Minimum-shift keying (MSK)
Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK)
Amplitude-shift keying (ASK) and its most common form, on-off
keying (OOK)
Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) a combination of PSK and
ASK
Continuous phase modulation (CPM)
Polar modulation like QAM a combination of PSK and ASK, but using
a different circuit architecture
KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 70

MODULATION TECHNIQUES
Amplitude Shift Keying:
Amplitude of carrier wave is determined by
logic state of digital signal

KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 71

MODULATION TECHNIQUES
Frequency Shift Keying:
Frequency of carrier wave is determined by
logic state of digital signal

KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 72

MODULATION TECHNIQUES
Phase Shift Keying:
Phase of carrier wave is determined by
logic state of digital signal

KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 73

Close Module 1
Review, Questions
Agenda Day 2:
Review of Day 1
Detailed discussions:
Frequency Allocation
Radio Spectrum as a Resource
Standards
ITU and its role
Other regional, national spectrum
management organizations
KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 74

ASSIGNMENT

Please complete the brief


questionnaire outlining your
background and your objectives
for taking this course.

KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 75

Close Day 1

KEN 3190

Module 1, Slide 76

Вам также может понравиться