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Agenda Module 1
Introductions
Presenter
Course Members
KEN 3190
Module 1, Slide 2
KEN 3190
Module 1, Slide 3
Alliances Background
Module 1, Slide 4
KEN 3190
Module 1, Slide 5
Collaboration &
Delivery based on
satisfaction of
Client Goals
Experienced ICT
Professionals, &
Technology Partners
Best Practices
based on
established
International
Standards &
Memberships of
Professional
Organizations
KEN 3190
eLearning
Module 1, Slide 6
Course Goal
GOAL (Practical Orientation)
The overall goal of this course is to:
o
KEN 3190
Module 1, Slide 7
Course Objectives
The desired outcome is that the
Participants of the Class, in the course
of the next five days, gain an
understanding of Spectrum Management
processes and can apply CCKs or NCCs
Spectrum Management Procedures
respectively, within the national,
regional and international Spectrum
Management guidelines
KEN 3190
Module 1, Slide 8
Course Agenda
Module 1:
Introductions
Frequency Planning and Spectrum
Management Overviews:
ICT Networks and Wireless Spectrum
Radio Spectrum
Introduction to Spectrum Management
Review of Basic Frequency Utilization techniques
Terminology and Concepts
Physical Characteristics
Transmission Characteristics
Analog vs. digital microwave systems
Modulation Techniques
KEN 3190
Module 1, Slide 9
Course Agenda
Module 2:
Review of Module 1
Detailed Discussions:
Frequency Coordination
KEN 3190
Module 1, Slide 10
Course Agenda
Module 3:
Standards pertaining to:
Propagation
Fresnel Zones
Impairments
Link Budget
Site and Path selections
Module 1, Slide 11
Course Agenda
Module 4:
Detailed Discussions:
Spectrum Pricing
National Spectrum Management:
Module 1, Slide 12
Course Agenda
Module 5:
Review Modules 1 through 4
Spectrum Management continued
Considerations regarding specific services
Fixed
Broadcast
Satellite
Mobile (spread spectrum)
Amateur services
KEN 3190
Module 1, Slide 13
Course Agenda
Module 6:
Review Modules 1 through 5
Class Exercises using the automated
WRAP demo application:
Planning a microwave link network:
Review of Exercise in Module 3: a small 16Mbps m/w
link in 4GHz band
Exercise 2: a small 2Mbps m/w link in 1.6GHz band
Close
KEN 3190
Module 1, Slide 14
Introduction
We live in the Information Age
World Wide Web (www) emergence has
caused a revolution in human life style and
information access
Factory and office workers have become
analyzers, manipulators, information
gatherers, and distributors of information
Telecommunication has been affected the
most with explosive growth in its various
components.
KEN 3190
Module 1, Slide 15
Introduction
The distribution of information (audio, video
and data) from one location to another is a
vital role of telecommunication
Developing Economies are adopting new
technologies in cases faster than
developed economies (cellular, wireless,
Next-Generation-Networks, etc).
Demand for right knowledge and effective
training are key requirements in all
countries.
KEN 3190
Module 1, Slide 16
Telecommunications to ICT?
Historically telecommunications is transfer of
analog voice contents to a distant point
In our case, telecommunications has evolved
from voice to data to integrated voice and data
and then adding video, it has now been
branded
Information Communication Technologies
or more commonly called ICT
ICT is a derivative of advanced voice and data
communications and more recently, multi-media,
Basically consisting of two logic levels 1 and 0, which
are used to transmit voice, video and data contents.
KEN 3190
Module 1, Slide 17
ICT Networks
Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)
Primarily analog
Mainly used for voice
Also analog data using MoDem technology
KEN 3190
Module 1, Slide 18
ICT NETWORKS
ICT Communication Networks use different media for
transmission
Copper Wires
Mostly analog,
also digital but small bandwidth
Primarily local distribution, also long distance
transmission
Module 1, Slide 19
ICT NETWORKS
ICT Networks use suitable technologies for
access to customers and for transport
between network nodes:
wireline technologies:
Copper local loops and copper landlines
Fibre optics access and transport (FOTS)
Wireless technologies:
Radio frequency spectrum
3KHz to 300GHz
Light frequency spectrum
>300GHz
Carrier frequency in fibre optics applications: THz
range
KEN 3190
Module 1, Slide 20
FREQUENCY SPECTRUM
What is Frequency Spectrum?
Electric and magnetic fields that produce waves
moving through space at different frequencies
Set of all possible frequencies called the
electromagnetic spectrum
Nearly 300 billion frequencies
1% is below 300GHz fitting into Radio Spectrum
90% of spectrum use is within this range
Wireless communications and entertainment use
Therefore, need for spectrum allocation within this
range
To prevent congestion which can lead to
interference
For proper allocation and management, spectrum is
sliced into frequency bands
KEN 3190
Module 1, Slide 21
FREQUENCY SPECTRUM
Frequency Spectrum Subsets:
Radio spectrum: 3000Hz to 300GHz
Does not require a medium
Travels at speed of light
Can carry energy and messages
KEN 3190
Module 1, Slide 22
WIRELESS SPECTRUM
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Includes:
Usable radio frequency spectrum
(3KHz to 300 GHZ)
Most usable spectrum for
communications purposes
Higher frequencies are in light
or optical spectrum
Communications applications
are primarily fibre optics
transmission
KEN 3190
Module 1, Slide 23
WIRELESS SPECTRUM
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Another view:
Source: www.yorku.ca/eye/spectru.htm
KEN 3190
Module 1, Slide 24
RADIO SPECTRUM
Radio Spectrum suitable
for Telecommunications
Ranges from:
3KHZ Very Low Frequency
(VHF)
to
300GHz Extremely High
Frequency (EHF)
Source: www.wikipedia.org
KEN 3190
Module 1, Slide 25
RADIO SPECTRUM
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Another view with emphasis on telecommunications:
KEN 3190
Module 1, Slide 26
RADIO SPECTRUM
Radio Spectrum Frequency Bands
Another view:
MF = Medium Frequencies
LF = Low Frequencies
ELF
SLF
ULF
VLF
LF
MF
HF
VHF
UHF
SHF
EHF
3 Hz
30 Hz
300 Hz
3 kHz
30 kHz
300 kHz
3 MHz
30 MHz
300 MHz
3 GHz
30 GHz
30 Hz
300 Hz
3 kHz
30 kHz
300 kHz
3 MHz
30 MHz
300 MHz
3 GHz
30 GHz
300 GHz
KEN 3190
Module 1, Slide 27
RADIO SPECTRUM
Extremely Low Frequency
Applications:
ELF = 3Hz to 30Hz
Generally not suitable for telecommunications purposes
Used in submarine applications overcoming limitations in electrical
conductivity of salt water
Also used by submerged moving sensors in pipelines to detect blockages
Radio spectrum
ELF
SLF
ULF
VLF
LF
MF
HF
VHF
UHF
SHF
EHF
3 Hz
30 Hz
300 Hz
3 kHz
30 kHz
300 kHz
3 MHz
30 MHz
300 MHz
3 GHz
30 GHz
30 Hz
300 Hz
3 kHz
30 kHz
300 kHz
3 MHz
30 MHz
300 MHz
3 GHz
30 GHz
300 GHz
KEN 3190
Module 1, Slide 28
RADIO SPECTRUM
Super Low Frequency
Applications:
SLF = 30Hz to 300Hz
Generally not suitable for telecommunications purposes
Used in submarine radio applications overcoming limitations in electrical
conductivity of salt water which do not allow higher frequency
transmission
Also the frequencies emitted by AC current in power grids
Radio spectrum
ELF
SLF
ULF
VLF
LF
MF
HF
VHF
UHF
SHF
EHF
3 Hz
30 Hz
300 Hz
3 kHz
30 kHz
300 kHz
3 MHz
30 MHz
300 MHz
3 GHz
30 GHz
30 Hz
300 Hz
3 kHz
30 kHz
300 kHz
3 MHz
30 MHz
300 MHz
3 GHz
30 GHz
300 GHz
KEN 3190
Module 1, Slide 29
RADIO SPECTRUM
Ultra Low Frequency
Applications:
ULF = 300Hz to 3KHz
Limited suitability for telecommunications purposes
Used primarily underground, in mines, etc., due to the ability of signals
in this range to penetrate the earth
Radio spectrum
ELF
SLF
ULF
VLF
LF
MF
HF
VHF
UHF
SHF
EHF
3 Hz
30 Hz
300 Hz
3 kHz
30 kHz
300 kHz
3 MHz
30 MHz
300 MHz
3 GHz
30 GHz
30 Hz
300 Hz
3 kHz
30 kHz
300 kHz
3 MHz
30 MHz
300 MHz
3 GHz
30 GHz
300 GHz
KEN 3190
Module 1, Slide 30
RADIO SPECTRUM
Very Low Frequency
Applications:
VLF = 3KHz to 30KHz
Limited suitability for telecommunications purposes
Primarily in radio navigation of submerged craft
Minimum penetration of 10 to 40m depending on salinity of water
Radio spectrum
ELF
SLF
ULF
VLF
LF
MF
HF
VHF
UHF
SHF
EHF
3 Hz
30 Hz
300 Hz
3 kHz
30 kHz
300 kHz
3 MHz
30 MHz
300 MHz
3 GHz
30 GHz
30 Hz
300 Hz
3 kHz
30 kHz
300 kHz
3 MHz
30 MHz
300 MHz
3 GHz
30 GHz
300 GHz
KEN 3190
Module 1, Slide 31
RADIO SPECTRUM
Low Frequency
Applications:
LF = 30KHz to 300KHz
Limited suitability for telecommunications purposes
AM broadcast, submarine communication, navigation, weather systems
Mostly mast antennae, whereby the whole mast, insulated from the
ground, acts as an antenna
Radio spectrum
ELF
SLF
ULF
VLF
LF
MF
HF
VHF
UHF
SHF
EHF
3 Hz
30 Hz
300 Hz
3 kHz
30 kHz
300 kHz
3 MHz
30 MHz
300 MHz
3 GHz
30 GHz
30 Hz
300 Hz
3 kHz
30 kHz
300 kHz
3 MHz
30 MHz
300 MHz
3 GHz
30 GHz
300 GHz
KEN 3190
Module 1, Slide 32
RADIO SPECTRUM
Medium Frequency
Applications:
MF = 300KHz to 3MHz
Limited suitability for telecommunications purposes
AM broadcast
Waves follow curvature of the earth and are also reflected off the
ionosphere at night
Radio spectrum
ELF
SLF
ULF
VLF
LF
MF
HF
VHF
UHF
SHF
EHF
3 Hz
30 Hz
300 Hz
3 kHz
30 kHz
300 kHz
3 MHz
30 MHz
300 MHz
3 GHz
30 GHz
30 Hz
300 Hz
3 kHz
30 kHz
300 kHz
3 MHz
30 MHz
300 MHz
3 GHz
30 GHz
300 GHz
KEN 3190
Module 1, Slide 33
RADIO SPECTRUM
High Frequency
Applications:
HF = 3MHz to 30MHz
Limited suitability for telecommunications purposes
Shortwave radio, amateur communications
Excellent reflection by ionosphere
Radio spectrum
ELF
SLF
ULF
VLF
LF
MF
HF
VHF
UHF
SHF
EHF
3 Hz
30 Hz
300 Hz
3 kHz
30 kHz
300 kHz
3 MHz
30 MHz
300 MHz
3 GHz
30 GHz
30 Hz
300 Hz
3 kHz
30 kHz
300 kHz
3 MHz
30 MHz
300 MHz
3 GHz
30 GHz
300 GHz
KEN 3190
Module 1, Slide 34
RADIO SPECTRUM
Very High Frequency
Applications:
VHF = 30MHz to 300MHz
Limited suitability for telecommunications purposes
FM radio, television below UHF, walkie-talkies
Requires line of sight
Radio spectrum
ELF
SLF
ULF
VLF
LF
MF
HF
VHF
UHF
SHF
EHF
3 Hz
30 Hz
300 Hz
3 kHz
30 kHz
300 kHz
3 MHz
30 MHz
300 MHz
3 GHz
30 GHz
30 Hz
300 Hz
3 kHz
30 kHz
300 kHz
3 MHz
30 MHz
300 MHz
3 GHz
30 GHz
300 GHz
KEN 3190
Module 1, Slide 35
RADIO SPECTRUM
Ultra High Frequency
Applications:
UHF = 300MHz to 3GHz
Suitable for telecommunications purposes
UHF television, mobile phone service, two-way radio
Usually frequency modulated, relatively narrow-band
Radio spectrum
ELF
SLF
ULF
VLF
LF
MF
HF
VHF
UHF
SHF
EHF
3 Hz
30 Hz
300 Hz
3 kHz
30 kHz
300 kHz
3 MHz
30 MHz
300 MHz
3 GHz
30 GHz
30 Hz
300 Hz
3 kHz
30 kHz
300 kHz
3 MHz
30 MHz
300 MHz
3 GHz
30 GHz
300 GHz
KEN 3190
Module 1, Slide 36
RADIO SPECTRUM
Super High Frequency
Applications:
SHF = 3GHz to 30GHz
Suitable for telecommunications purposes
Used for microwave devices, mobile phones (W-CDMA), WLAN,
modern Radars, Wireless USB technology, 802.11 applications,
satellite up and downlinks, microwave backhaul facilities
Line of sight requirements, suitable for longer distances
Radio spectrum
ELF
SLF
ULF
VLF
LF
MF
HF
VHF
UHF
SHF
EHF
3 Hz
30 Hz
300 Hz
3 kHz
30 kHz
300 kHz
3 MHz
30 MHz
300 MHz
3 GHz
30 GHz
30 Hz
300 Hz
3 kHz
30 kHz
300 kHz
3 MHz
30 MHz
300 MHz
3 GHz
30 GHz
300 GHz
KEN 3190
Module 1, Slide 37
RADIO SPECTRUM
Extremely High Frequency
Applications:
EHF = 30GHz to 300GHz
Suitable for telecommunications purposes
Used for Point-to-Point and Point-to-Multipoint access facilities, high
speed digital microwave,
Line of sight requirements, unsuitable for longer distances, subject to
rain fade
Radio spectrum
ELF
SLF
ULF
VLF
LF
MF
HF
VHF
UHF
SHF
EHF
3 Hz
30 Hz
300 Hz
3 kHz
30 kHz
300 kHz
3 MHz
30 MHz
300 MHz
3 GHz
30 GHz
30 Hz
300 Hz
3 kHz
30 kHz
300 kHz
3 MHz
30 MHz
300 MHz
3 GHz
30 GHz
300 GHz
KEN 3190
Module 1, Slide 38
RADIO SPECTRUM
Attributes:
Lower frequencies:
Higher frequencies:
Generally:
Generally:
Long distance
Short distance
Narrow bandwidth
High bandwidth
Radio spectrum
ELF
SLF
ULF
VLF
LF
MF
HF
VHF
UHF
SHF
EHF
3 Hz
30 Hz
300 Hz
3 kHz
30 kHz
300 kHz
3 MHz
30 MHz
300 MHz
3 GHz
30 GHz
30 Hz
300 Hz
3 kHz
30 kHz
300 kHz
3 MHz
30 MHz
300 MHz
3 GHz
30 GHz
300 GHz
KEN 3190
Module 1, Slide 39
RADIO SPECTRUM
Transmission Patterns:
Omni-directional
Semi-directional
Directional
Application Examples:
Broadcast: AM/FM
radioTV, public safety,
some cellular, amateur
services
KEN 3190
Point-multipoint,
wireless local loop,
cellular
Module 1, Slide 40
RADIO SPECTRUM
Typical Transmission Range (PP):
KEN 3190
Module 1, Slide 41
RADIO SPECTRUM
Typical Telecommunications Applications:
KEN 3190
Module 1, Slide 42
RADIO SPECTRUM
Use of the Radio Spectrum is hotly contested
Principal uses of the various segments of the
radio spectrum are:
Determined by the physical characteristics of the
individual frequency bands
For instance: TV broadcasting and mobile
communications are constrained within a relatively small
part of the radio spectrum
Furthermore limited by need to cater for other uses such
as aeronautical, scientific, emergency and military
applications.
KEN 3190
Module 1, Slide 43
RADIO SPECTRUM
Finite resource
Inexhaustible resource
Flexible
Easily deployed
Less expensive than physical infrastructure
However, application dependent on characteristic of
frequency band
KEN 3190
Module 1, Slide 44
RADIO SPECTRUM
Therefore,
Tightly managed
Global, regional and national control and management
Global management
ITU (International Telecommunications Union):
Through Standards (Recommendations)
Through World Radio Conferences
Fostering cooperation
Regional management
African Telecommunications Union (ATU)
Coordination of national interests
Through Regional Radio Conferences
Recommendations
KEN 3190
Module 1, Slide 45
RADIO SPECTRUM
KEN 3190
Module 1, Slide 46
RADIO SPECTRUM
Each sovereign Nation has control over the
Radio Spectrum within its Borders
Usually managed by Ministry of
Communications or Telecommunications
Regulatory Authority
Tight management of Radio Spectrum:
to prevent interference, especially near borders
with adjoining countries
to ensure prudent and proper utilization
To ensure national priorities are addressed
KEN 3190
Module 1, Slide 47
Radio Spectrum
Regulatory Objective Pre-2000
KEN 3190
Module 1, Slide 48
Radio Spectrum
Regulatory Objective post-2000
KEN 3190
Module 1, Slide 49
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
KEN 3190
Module 1, Slide 50
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
ITU Frequency Band Nomenclature
ITU Band
Designation
Frequency
Wavelength
ELF
3 - 30 Hz
100,000 km - 10,000 km
SLF
30 - 300 Hz
10,000 km - 1000 km
ULF
300 - 3000 Hz
1000 km - 100 km
VLF
3 - 30 kHz
100 km - 10 km
LF
30 - 300 kHz
10 km - 1 km
MF
1 km - 100 m
HF
3 - 30 MHz
100 m - 10 m
VHF
30 - 300 MHz
10 m - 1 m
UHF
1 m - 10 cm
10
SHF
3 - 30 GHz
10 cm - 1 cm
11
EHF
30 - 300 GHz
1 cm - 1 mm
KEN 3190
Module 1, Slide 51
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Source: http://imagers.gsfc.nasa.gov/ems/waves3.html
KEN 3190
Module 1, Slide 52
TRANSMISSION BASICS
Radio Communications:
One-way only (Simplex):
Transmission in one direction only
Usually full frequency band assigned to one
simplex channel
KEN 3190
Module 1, Slide 53
TRANSMISSION BASICS
Radio Communications:
Two-way (Duplex):
Transmission in both directions at the same time,
however at different frequencies within one band
Frequency bandwidth split into two channels
(Frequency Division Duplexing FDD)
KEN 3190
Module 1, Slide 54
TRANSMISSION BASICS
Radio Communications:
Two-way (Half-duplex):
Transmission in both directions, however at
different times at the same frequencies
Full bandwidth used for transmission in either
direction
KEN 3190
Module 1, Slide 55
TRANSMISSION BASICS
Information carried by carrier wave
can be either analog or digital
KEN 3190
Module 1, Slide 56
Analog Signals
Naturally produced sounds
Speech
Music
Others
KEN 3190
Module 1, Slide 57
Analog Signals
Sine wave form
Signal Strength = Amplitude
Repeat of a 360 wave over time = Frequency
KEN 3190
Module 1, Slide 58
Analog Signals
Amplitude modulation is volume, strength
Frequency modulation is pitch
Suspect to noise and signal degradation
Noise is added to signal distorting original sine
wave
Affects frequency
Difficult to regenerate
Degradation affects amplitude
Difficult to correct
Module 1, Slide 59
Digital Signals
Machine generated
State over time: 0 and 1
Measured in bits/second
Easily regenerated
Better suited for telecommunications
transmission than analog
Analog to digital conversion and vice
versa: Modem (Modulator/Demodulator)
KEN 3190
Module 1, Slide 60
Digital Signals
State:
Either ON or OFF,
Also 1 or 0
KEN 3190
Module 1, Slide 61
Digital Signals
Source: http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~www_pa/Scots_Guide/info/signals/digital/digital.htm
KEN 3190
Module 1, Slide 62
DIGITAL SIGNALS
More efficient use of bandwidth
Easy integration with PCS devices
Maintains higher quality of voice
transmission over longer distances
More difficult to decode
Can use lower transmit power
Uses smaller and less expensive
transmission equipment
Offers voice privacy
KEN 3190
Module 1, Slide 63
MODULATION TECHNIQUES
Analog Modulation Techniques:
Purpose:
To place information onto a carrier wave
for transmission
KEN 3190
Amplitude modulation
Frequency modulation
Phase modulation
Combination of different techniques
Module 1, Slide 64
MODULATION TECHNIQUES
Amplitude modulation:
Information is placed onto carrier signal
affecting amplitude
KEN 3190
Module 1, Slide 65
MODULATION TECHNIQUES
Frequency modulation:
Information is placed onto carrier signal its
frequency
KEN 3190
Module 1, Slide 66
MODULATION TECHNIQUES
Phase modulation:
Information is placed onto carrier
signal affecting its timing (phase)
KEN 3190
Module 1, Slide 67
MODULATION TECHNIQUES
Amplitude and Phase modulation:
Information is placed onto carrier signal
affecting its amplitude and its timing
KEN 3190
Module 1, Slide 68
MODULATION TECHNIQUES
Modulation of Analog Signals
KEN 3190
Module 1, Slide 69
MODULATION TECHNIQUES
Digital Modulation Techniques
The principal classes of modulation are:
Phase-shift keying (PSK)
Frequency-shift keying (FSK) (see also audio frequency-shift keying
(AFSK))
Minimum-shift keying (MSK)
Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK)
Amplitude-shift keying (ASK) and its most common form, on-off
keying (OOK)
Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) a combination of PSK and
ASK
Continuous phase modulation (CPM)
Polar modulation like QAM a combination of PSK and ASK, but using
a different circuit architecture
KEN 3190
Module 1, Slide 70
MODULATION TECHNIQUES
Amplitude Shift Keying:
Amplitude of carrier wave is determined by
logic state of digital signal
KEN 3190
Module 1, Slide 71
MODULATION TECHNIQUES
Frequency Shift Keying:
Frequency of carrier wave is determined by
logic state of digital signal
KEN 3190
Module 1, Slide 72
MODULATION TECHNIQUES
Phase Shift Keying:
Phase of carrier wave is determined by
logic state of digital signal
KEN 3190
Module 1, Slide 73
Close Module 1
Review, Questions
Agenda Day 2:
Review of Day 1
Detailed discussions:
Frequency Allocation
Radio Spectrum as a Resource
Standards
ITU and its role
Other regional, national spectrum
management organizations
KEN 3190
Module 1, Slide 74
ASSIGNMENT
KEN 3190
Module 1, Slide 75
Close Day 1
KEN 3190
Module 1, Slide 76