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RINGKASAN JURNAL
RHIZOPHORA
NAMA
NPM
NAMA
NPM
SHARLYN CHRISTINA
260110123014
260110132019
260110132015
NAJEEHA A. HADI
260110132020
260110132016
260110132023
THENMOLI LATCHUMANAN
260110132017
SHALOME SHOBANI
260110132025
260110132018
260110132026
INTRODUCTION
One of two that make up genus rhizophora and consists of three species
R. Mucronata,
R. Stylosa,
R. Apiculata.
Two hybrids:
R. X lamarckii
R. X annamalai
They tolerate a range of flooding regimens, soil types, and other physical site factors.
Mangrove are known to play a vital role in shoreline protection, enhancement of water quality in
nearshore environments, and in supporting estuarine and marine food chains
DISTRIBUTION
Mangroves form a unique and dominant ecosystem comprised of intertidal marine plants
These halophytic (salt toler- ant) plants thrive in saline conditions and daily inun-dation between
mean sea level and highest astronomi-cal tides
Provide vital structure as habitat and food for similarly adapted resident and transientfauna
Mangrove plants exchange gases from exposed roots using special lenticels
Just 70 species around the world are considered to be mangroves
Define and characterize mangrove plants, such as but-tress trunks and roots providing support in soft
sedi-ments, aboveground roots allowing vital gas exchange in anaerobic sediments, and physiological
adaptations for excluding or expelling salt.
Its have developed such essential attributes, rep-resenting independent instances of co-evolution
over millions of years to form todays mangrove habitats.
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
Abat (ceram,indonesia)
Bako (java, indonesia)
Indo-west pacific stilt mangroves (english)
Size
Indo-west pacific stilt mangroves: medium to tall trees, may reach to 30-40m in height
Commonly much shorter, 5-8m
Stem diameters: 15-35cm *taken just above the highest prop root
Form
Stilt mangrove are rambling to columnar trees with distinct aboveground prop roots
Trees tend to be shorter stature and more spreading in shape on the seaward edge of stands or in
higher salinity
Flowering
Opposite, simple, light or dark green, obovate, leathery, margins revolute, bluntly acute apex
Upper leave surface is smooth, shiny
Cork wart spots occur on under surface
Leaf emergence is mostly around nov-feb in the southern, may-aug in the northern hemisphere
Fruits
Pear-shaped, elongate, waist constriction, smooth brown surface, calyx lobes elongate
spreading
Seeds
Viviparous; trees produce seeds hidden in the mature fruit, germinate on the parent tree
Viviparous seedling is called hypocotyl; one hypocotyl is usually produce from each fruit
Hypocotyl; narrowly cylindrical, elongate, green, smooth with irregular small brown lentivels
Fruiting; when mature hypocotyl fall, occurs chiefly from nov to jan in the southern, may to july in
the northern hemisphere
Bark
Gray to dark gray and heavily fissured, occasionally ed brown and smooth
Prop roots are sturdy even when relatively thin
Rooting habit
Mature tree; distinctive, sturdy, aboveground prop roots surrounding the stem base
Conforms to the oxygen deficient (anoxic) conditions commonly measyred in mangrove
sediments.
Mangroves Consists Of Three Species (Two Being Closely Allied, R.Mucronata ,R. Stylosa, And
R .Apiculata ,And Two Hybrids , R X Lamarckii And R. X Annamalai .
Rhizophora Mucronata And R.Stylosa Are Sibling Species For Example Possibly R.Stylosa =R.
Mucronata Var. Stylosa (Griff.) Salvosa. And Together They Characterize Most Stands Of Iwp
Stilt Mangroves.
The Range Of R.Mucronata Is The Widest Of All Iwp Species , Extending From East Africa
Where It Occurs As The Sole Rhizophora , To The Western Pacific Where It Overlaps With All
Other Iwp Species.
SIMILAR SPECIES
Stilt mangroves are distinguished from atlantic-east pacific red mangrove species principally by
the spiked ,
Rhizophora mucronata and R. Stylosa have slender bract at the base of mature buds
Hybrid characteristics are shown in R. X lamarckii where it has key characters intermediate
between R.Apiculata and R.Stylosa.
Hybrid can often be larger and taller than neighboring parent trees.
GENETICS
R.Mucronata and R.Stylosa appear closely related because they are distinguished by style length
They are largely not separated geographically ,with a significant portion of the range of each
overlapping the other.
has the same expose water adge habit as R.Stylosa in northern australia .
COMMONLY FOUND
The associated species vary with geographic location ,latitude ,soil type ,estuarine upstream
location and tidal position
IWP stilt mangroves may be associated with sonneratia alba and avicennia marina downstream
Downstream stands of stilt mangroves are backed by sand ridges and beach margins.
(Calophyllum spp.,Thespesia spp. ,Casuarina spp. ,Barringtonia asiatica and cocos nucifera)
Climate
TEMPERATURE
Mean annual temperature 20-30 C ( 68-86 F)
Mean maximum temperature of hottest month 23-38 C (73-100 F)
Mean maximum temperature of coldest month 13-18 C ( 55-64 F)
Minimum temperature tolerated- 10 C (50 F)
0
SOILS
Soil texture- plants grow best in light, medium and heavy texture soils
Soil drainage- plants grow best in soils with fee and un-impeded drainage, as well as waterlogged
soils
Mangroves are characteristically restricted to elevations between mean sea level and highest
tides, as sea level rises to survive.
Since mangroves have narrow optimal range, they will die off in areas that are not suited.
Indicator of change can be identified as incremental shifts such as total tidal wetland habitat
and in the salt marsh-mangrove ecotone affects moisture stress in saline environments.
Waterlogging stilt mangrove trees are tolerant of daily tidal flooding up to depths of 2.5m (8
ft).They are intolerant of drying soils
Coppice- poor coppice ability. If greater than 50% of leaves are removed from a tree, it will die.
GROWTH RATES
Vary with species,
spatial position in
the stand,
competition, vigor
and age
FLOWERING AND
FRUITING
Mangroves fruits and
flowering are distinctly
seasonal. Located in
cooler temperature and
higher latitudes.
GROWTH &
DEVELOPMENT
REACTION TO COMPETITION
Rapid earth growth of seedlings
of stilt mangroves in full
sunlight ensures their success
and dominance in preferred
estuarine and intertidal
conditions.
PROPAGATION
PROPAGULE COLLECTION
Mature propagules may be collected after they have fallen or been picked directly off trees.
PROPAGULE PROCESSING
Processing of propagules is not required for stilt mangroves altough damaged and insect
infested individuals should be removed.
PROPAGULE STORAGE
Propagules can be kept for atleat 6-7 days by storaging inbrackish water.
PROPAGULE PRETREATMENT
The pretreatment under 50C water bath for 5 minutes to kill the beetles and removed the risk of
establishment
DISADVANTAGES
Mangroves poses few significant disadvantages when planted
within their native ranges.
Not especially susceptible to pests or pathogens and not have
been reported to host major pests or pathogens of important crop
species.
BENEFITS OF MANGROVE
Visual amenity and shoreline beautification.
Nutrient uptake, fixation and trapping.
Habitat use by fauna.
Mesoclimate.
Provide source of food and physical protection from predation.
Sanctuary niche for mature fauna, including migratory birds and fish, where mangrove
provide protection and a food resource.
Fishery products, including estuarine and coastal.
Carbon sequestration and a sink where carbon is bound within living plant biomass.
Sediment trapping, a depositional site for both water and airbone sediments, which reduces
turbidity of coastal waters.
AGROFORESTRY / ENVIRONMENTAL
PRACTICES
Mulch/
organic matter
Soil
stabilization
Fence posts
Windbreaks
Woodlot
Native animal
/ birdfood
Wildlife
habitat
Bee forage
Fish/marine
food chain
Coastal
protection
Ornamental
The most widespread use of stilt mangroves is for wood for a range of purposes from cooking
fuel to construction of homes and canoe parts. Other uses of the stlit mangroves include tannin
and dyes.
No.
1.
Products
Staple food
Uses
-Leaves and hypocotyls are edible but not widely used for food.
2.
Medicinal
3.
Timber
4.
Fuelwood
5.
6.
-Mangrove bark has been used to treat angina, boils and fungal infections.
-Leaves and bark have been used as an antiseptic and to treat diarrhea, dysentery, fever, malaria and
leprosy.
-wood used for structural components (eg : poles, beams, flooring, wall-cladding and rafters of
traditional homes.
-other structures like underground mine supports, fencing, cabinet works, tool handles and boat
anchors.
-the wood is also used for fishing stakes, spears , copra-huskers and chips for pulp productiob.
-wood used for fuelwood
-wood is made into charcoal
-wood used to make canoe parts
7.
Ecotourism
-bark and hypocotyls are used to produce dyes ranging from red-brown to black
-used for preserving cotton ropes and netting
-used to prepare tannin formaldehyde adhesives
-impart a red color to finished leather tanning
-simple boardwalks to provide public access for those wanting to see and learn about the fascinating
environment
-boardwalks protects the mangroves from damage
COMMERCIAL CULTIVATION
COMMERCIAL CULTIVATION
Stilt mangrove timber is harvested for charcoal production in south east asia and is done with various rhizophora
species. By using silvicultural practices, charcoal is produced for rhizophora species especially R.Apiculata.
Spacing
There are specific spacing range for the plantation of mangrove trees about 1.0-1.5m apart to prevent multiple-stemmed or shorter
trees. Spreading trees may be desired for coastal protection instead of timber production which is thinned to spacing 2.5-3.5m.
Management objectives
Controlled growth of mangrove fern (acrostichum speciosum) is needed to promote early growth of stilt mangroves.
Growing in polycultures
Mixed-species plantings are recommended together with large-leaf mangrove, bruguiera gymnorrhiza. It is important to associate
buffer areas to stabilize banks by shoreline upland plants. Suitable upland tree genera include calophyllum, casuarina , hibiscus,
thespesia and barringtonia.
COMMERCIAL CULTIVATION
Estimated yield
The matang mangrove forest reserve in malaysia has been managed for timber production and is reputedly the best
managed mangrove forest in the world. The present management plan for the matang reserve is a 30-year old
rotation period with two thinnings at 15 and 20 years however it has declined in a yield from 299 mt/ha from virgin
stands to the second generation yields of 158 mt/ha. Because the standing biomass did not increase, it was
suggested that a rotation of 25 years be used instead of the previous recommendation of 30 years.
Markets
In south east asia, stilt mangrove wood chips and charcoal may be moved greater distances and volumes than wood
products on smaller islands. Firewood and charcoal are available in local markets in most places compared to stilt
mangrove products.
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