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COURSE OUTLINE
Mass transfer: Fick's law, diffusion in stationary
media, additivity of resistances, diffusion of vapours.
Convection: Principles of free and forced convection.
Determinations of film transfer coefficients.
Heat exchanger design.
General diffusion and convection equations
TEXTS
Heat Transfer by Alan J, Chapman, Published by Macmillan
Publishing co.
Transport Phenomena by W.J. Beek, K.M.K. Muttzall and J.W.
van Heuven. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Heat & Mass Transfer by D.S. Kumar published by S.K. Kataria
& Sons, New Delhi.
Introduction to Heat Transfer by Vedat S. Arpaci, Ahmet
Selamet and Shu-Hsin Kao. Published by Prentice Hall.
Transport Processes and Separation Process Principles by
Christie John Geankoplis. Published by Prentice-Hall of India.
PHENOMENOLOGICAL LAWS
What conserved quantities are often
transported in industrial process plants?
It is known that the quantity: mass, energy
and momentum; can neither be created nor
destroyed.
The arising conservation laws, can therefore
be used, to account for the conserved
quantities, in a given process.
of
The
2. CONVECTION
Another means of transport of a conserved
quantity, R, is by bulk motion of the mediums
particles, carrying R along.
This occurs in fluids in turbulent flow, on a
turbulent convective scale.
In convective transfer, the mechanism for
transport is the result of the motion of turbulent
eddies in the fluid that move in three directions
and carry R along.
MOLECULAR (DIFFUSION)
TRANSPORT MODELS
For microscopic molecular transport, i.e.,
diffusion, the driving force for the transport is
the negative of the gradient (with respect to
the direction of transport) of the concentration
of R.
Thus, the general rate equation for molecular
diffusion transport may be given as Equation 2.
For
the
diffusion
rate
equation
can
be
(2)
(3)
Where T
coefficient,
is
called
the
thermal
m = mass and
(cvT) is the concentration of heat.
diffusion
Because
FICKS
LAW
Sometimes,
(6)
to,
(7)
NEWTONS
LAW OF VISCOSITY
Because
TURBULENT MACROSCOPIC
(CONVECTIVE) TRANSPORT MODELS
At high fluid velocity, destabilizing inertial
forces overcome the viscous forces and the flow
becomes turbulent.
Under turbulent conditions, a three-dimensional
fluctuating flow field develops that results in a
high degree of mixing or convection due to
the bulk motion of the turbulent eddies.
As
Heat
flux:
Mass flux:
(10)
(11)
Since
and
are the convective (turbulent)
transport coefficients for heat and mass
respectively.
For
(12)
The corresponding flux of -momentum in
the direction is
This -momentum is also the driving force
for convective transport of -momentum in
the direction (toward the wall), i.e.,
Therefore,
the convective flux of xmomentum from the fluid to the wall (or
the stress exerted by the fluid on the wall)
can be expressed as:
Momentum flux:
(13)
Like
the
heat
and
mass
transfer
coefficients, the friction factor depends
upon dynamic flow conditions as well as
upon fluid properties.
ASSIGNMENT
2)
as a function of
MICRO BALANCE
In some cases the concentration, temperature
and flow velocity distributions in a system can
be calculated by starting with the principle of
conservation.
This principle is then applied to every small
volume element of the system.
This leads to the microbalances and the
resulting equations are differential equations.
X
Figure 1: Fixed volume element through which a fluid is
flowing.
The
(2)
two
shaded
faces,
which
are
The
(3)
(4)
The
(6)
By dividing the entire equation (6) by and
the limit as
(7)
This
(8)
Here
Equation
(9)
(10)
This
(11)
(12)
At steady state,
CONTINUITY EQUATION IN
CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES
It
(13)
Using
equation
of
continuity
in
cylindrical
(14)
For
steady
incompressible
flow,
where
QUESTION
An
this
continuity.
case
using
the
equation
of
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF
MOTION
Equation
(15)
Note
First,
component of
The
Hence,
(16)
The
Writing
(17)
The
The
(21)
(22)
And
(23)
(24)
(25)
(26)
In the direction
(27)
In
the direction
(28)
In the direction
(29)
These
Thus,
(30)
where
Thus,
(31)
Similar expressions
stresses.
apply
to
other
shear
NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS
When
the density,
and viscosity,
are
constant, Eq. (24)- (29) can be simplified to
obtain equations of motion for Newtonian
fluids.
The
EQUATION OF MOTION IN
CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES
1)
EXAMPLE
SOLUTION:
For 2-dimensional incompressible flow, the
continuity equation is:
On summing
and , we see that the
continuity is satisfied
1)
ASSIGNMENTS (CONTINUITY
EQUATION)
The velocity components for a twodimensional flow are: and . Check if the flow
field satisfies the condition for steady
incompressible flow.
3)
6)For
Exercise
3)
RADIATION
The
The
Each
Thermal
The
Thus,
Dividing
throughout by
Where
For
GRAY BODY
A
body
TRANSPARENT OR
DIATHERMANEOUS
BODY
that allows all incident radiations
through
it
is
diathermanous.
called
to pass
transparent
or
Most
Gases
Hence,
may
be
The
denoted by the
to denote the total
leaving a surface,
area of emitting
Emissive
Thus,
Where
For surfaces with temperature-independent
physical properties, the emissive power is
proportional to the fourth power of the
surface temperature. Thus,
The
Normally
Radiosity
IRRADIATION
Irradiation, G, is the term used to denote the
total radiation incident upon a surface per
unit time, per unit area of irradiated surface.
The irradiation incident upon a surface is the
result of emission and reflection from other
surfaces.
KIRCHOFFS LAW
The
monochromatic
radiation,
while
the
dependence of radiation on wavelength is
termed spectral.
Consider
an
enclosure
filled
with
monochromatic
radiation,
and
a
monochromatic opaque body , placed into this
enclosure.
If
the body is at thermodynamic equilibrium with the
enclosure, then the net heat transfer is zero.
Thus,
for
the
case
described,
the
monochromatic radiation, at equilibrium is :
in
Kirchoffs
EMISSIVITY
The
Thus,
Comparing
Consider
If the
The
expression of
Thus,
QUESTIONS
1)
2)
3)
4)