Introduction to the design

and process calculations

Talib R. Abbas
Saadi K. Al-Naseri
PhD environmental engineering
PhD environmental
talibrshd@yahoo.com
engineering
saadikadhum@gmail.com

Outline
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

WTP Schematic diagram

Flash mixing
Flocculator
Clarifier
Filtration
Chlorination

Halabja WTP Schematic Diagram

Flash Mixer and Rapid Mixing

Tank

Rapid Mixing
Tank

Flash Mixer and Rapid Mixing

Tank
The
rate at which flocculation takes place is
directly proportional to the velocity gradient G ()
P is useful power input to the mixer (watt)
is the water dynamic viscosity (N.sec/)
V is volume of Rapid mixing Tank ()
Retention Time (sec)
= Volume of Rapid Mixing Tank/Water Flowrate
For coagulation, G, normally 500-600 and
retention time is 20-60 sec.

Flash Mixer and Rapid Mixing

Well for Halabja WTP
G
= 535
Retention time ~ 60 sec

Flocculator
4 Flocculator Mixers

Flocculation
Well

Clarifier

Flocculator

P is useful power input to the mixer (watt)

is the water dynamic viscosity (N.sec/)
V is the volume of flocculation well ()
Retention Time (sec)
= Volume of Flocculation well/Water Flowrate

For flocculator, G, normally in the range 20 to

100
Retention time in flocculation chamber 10 60
min.

Flocculator Mixer and

Flocculation Well for Halabja WTP
G
= 100
(slow mixing)
Retention time ~ 20 min

Clarifier Deign
Water Flowrate
(Q)
Sludge Outlet
Flowrate ~ 10% Q, ~
0.5-1% Sludge
Sedimentation Area
(A)

Main Clarifier Design

Parameters
Surface

Over-Flowrate (SOR)

Water flowrate / Sedimintation area

= Q / A (/.hr)
(m/hr)

Detention Time (T)

= Volume of Sedimentation zone / Water
flowrate
= V / Q (hr)

Typical Clarifier Design

Parameters
Surface Overflow Rate
~ 1 1.2 m/hr
Detention Time (hr)
~ 2 - 3 hr

Clarifiers for Halabja WTP

No.
of Clarifiers = 2
Average Water Flowrate = 1100 /hr
(each)
Q = 1100
Clarifier Outer Diameter = 38 m
Flocculation Well Diameter = 14 m
A = 3.14/4 * ( ) = 980

SOR = Q/A = 1100/980 = 1.12 m/hr

T = 2.5 hr

Filtration
Filtration: Involves the removal of very fine
particles (not effectively removed in the
sedimentation process) with use of a media
filter.
Types of gravity filters
According to
Service flowrate

According to Media
Layers

Slow sand
filters

Mono Media

Rapid sand
filters

Dual media

High rate
filters

Multi media

The two removal

mechanisms

Filters Types: Rate

Slow Sand Filter: Flow rates are usually around 0.1 m/h but can
increase up to 0.4 m/h (or m3/h/m2).
Rapid Sand Filter: A flow of between 4 12 m/h can be
expected from a rapid sand filter, which is much faster than the
range of slow sand filtration.
High Rates Filter: operate at three-to-four times the rate of
rapid sand filters, use a combination of filter media (multi-Media).

Filters Types: Media

Mono-Media

Dual-Media

Multi-Media

Purpose of individual
layers:
Anthracite (Coal) layer: removal of
suspended particles both at the surface and
by in-depth penetration
Sand layer: smaller void spaces then coal;
removes suspended particles (including
viruses, bacteria, and protozoa)
Gravel layer: provides support for coal and
sand layers
Underdrain: collects the filtered water and
transfers it to the clear well

Rapid Sand Filter

Advantages
Highly effective for removal of turbidity (usually
< 0.1-1 NTU)
High filter rate (4 12 m 3/h/m2), small land
requirements
No limitations regarding initial turbidity levels
(if coagulant or flocculant is available and
correctly applied)
Cleaning time (backwashing) only takes several
minutes and filters can be put back into
operation instantly

Rapid Sand Filter

Disadvantages
Not effective in removing bacteria, viruses, fluoride,
arsenic, salts, odour and organic matter (requires
pre- and post-treatment)
High capital and operational costs
Frequent cleaning (backwashing) required (every
24-72h)
Skilled supervision essential (e.g. for flow control
and dosage of disinfectant)
High energy input required
Backwashing water and sludge needs treatment;
sewage system or stabilization ponds required

Filter Backwash
Cleaning of filter media - Filter Backwash
Necessary because suspended particles and trapped
floc eventually clog filter.

Allow full expansion of the filter media. Generally, this

expansion will be (20-40) % over the normal filter bed
volume

A backwash must be performed if any of the following

occur:
Turbidity breakthrough
High or excessive head losses (~ 2 m)
Exceeding filter run times

Surface wash
The upper 15-20 cm of filter media remove most
of the suspended material from the water. It is
important that this layer is thoroughly cleaned
during the backwash cycle. Normal backwashing
does not, in most cases, clean this layer
completely, and agitation is needed to break up
the top layers of the filter to help backwash
water remove any material caught there.

Filtration design criteria

Standard filtration rate
4-12 m3/h/m2 for turbidity or iron removal under
certain conditions - instrumentation, dual or mixed
media, continuous monitoring required.
Backwash rate
Backwash rate max of 38-50 m3/h/m2
If rate too high, may lose expensive media
If rate too low - filter will not be effectively cleaned
Surface wash rate
Surface wash rate max of 5 m3/h/m2

Rate calculation for Halabja

WTP

Flowrate=
2277.5 m3/hr
No. of Filter cells =12
Cell Area = 3.7 x 6.1 = 22.57 m2

Filtration rate
within design
parameters

Required Backwash flowrate for

Halabja WTP
Backwash
will affect two cells each time,

Two Cells Area = 2x 22.57= 45.14 m 2
High rate Backwash = 50
Low rate Backwash = 12
Flow rate (High)
= 45.14 x 12= 540 (Low)
Surface

wash rate = 5

Flow rate

Head loss calculations

Kozenys
equation gives an estimate of the head
gradient in a clean bed of sand filtering clean water as:

where k is a dimensionless coefficient with a value of

about 5 for most filtering conditions;
A is the grain surface area; and V p is the grain
volume. For spherical grains, A/V p~ 6/d,
d is the diameter of sphere [m]
f; porosity
V; Velocity [m/s]

Head loss calculations

water with = 0.001 kg/m.s. =1000
For
kg/m3, and use d in [mm], Kozenys equation
can be modified to:

Example: calculate head lose for filter depth

of L=0.9 m, d=1mm, porosity f=0.4, and
V=10 m3/h/m2
.

Chlorination

Parameters That Influence the

Chlorination Process
Parameter

Effect on Disinfection

Turbidity: can shelter bacteria from chlorine, and may react with the
chlorine and reduce its effectiveness
As turbidity increases

disinfection decreases

pH: Lower pH values are more affective for disinfection than are higher
pH values. Ideal pH is 6-7
As pH decreases

disinfection increases

Temperature: As temperatures increase, the effectiveness of chlorine

increases. Ideal temperatures range from 20 25 C
As temperature increases

disinfection increases

Contact Time: Generally, a 30 minute minimum contact time is required

before human consumption
As contact time increases

disinfection increases

Chlorine Demand Curve

Zone between 1 & 2 (start feeding chlorine)
Zone between 2 & 3 (formation of chloramines)
Zone between 3 & 4 (formation of di-chloramines)
The breakpoint is the point where the chlorine dosage has satisfied the
chlorine demand.
After Zone 4 (free available residual)

Chlorine Residual

Chlorine residual is the amount of available

chlorine remaining in a system after some
specified period of time.
Chlorine residual is important in drinking water
treatment because regulations require that a
specified amount of chlorine be present in the
end of piping network, (0.3 mg/l in IQS417,2009)
Chlorine residual can be determined in the
following manner:

Chlorine Residual (mg/l) = Chlorine (mg/l) Chlorine Demand (mg/l)

Chlorine Residual

According to IQS417, 2-5 mg/l of Chlorine

is dosed with a resident time of not less 30
min.

Example 1: Calculate the daily required

chlorine quantity for Halabja WTP with a flowrate
of 2277 m3/hr. Chlorine dosage is 5 mg/l.
5 mg/l = 5 g/m3
Quantity= 2277 x 5/1000= 11.4 kg/hr
= 273 kg/day
This means that 1 Ton Vessel works for less than
4 days.

Chlorine Residual

In case of Emergency, NaOCl, or Ca(OCl)2

might be used.
NaOCl effectiveness is less than 15%, while
Ca(OCl)2 effectiveness is 60-70%.
Example 2: You are using a sodium hypochlorite
solution with a specific gravity of 1.26. The
product contains 15% sodium hypochlorite. What
is the equivalent hourly required quantity?

Quantity (mass)= 11.4/0.15= 76 kg/hr

(Vol) = 76/1.26= 60 lit/hr (~ half a
barrel)

Thank you