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Filter Transformations
Example
yn a1yn 1 a2yn 2 b0xn
Block Diagram
Representation
input
output
intermediate results
The requirement of delayed elements
implies need for storage
We also need means of
addition
multiplication
Direct Form I
N
a yn k b xn k
General form of difference equation
yn a yn k b xn k
k 0
k 0
k 1
k 0
Direct Form I
H z
H z H2 z H1 z
1
N
k 0
1 ak z k
k 1
b z
bk z k
k k 0
1 ak z
k 1
V z H1 z X z bk z k X z
k 0
1
V z
Y z H2 z V z
N
k
1 ak z
k 1
vn
yn
b xn k
k 0
a yn k vn
k 1
Alternative Representation
H z H1 z H2 z bk z k
N
k
k 0
1
ak z
k 1
1
X z
W z H2 z X z
N
k
1 ak z
k 1
Y z H1 z W z bk z k W z
k 0
wn
yn
a wn k xn
k 1
b wn k
k 0
wn
yn
a wn k xn
k 1
b wn k
k 0
Direct Form II
Example
2
3
w1 n aw1 n 1 xn
yn b0w1 n b1w1 n 1
10
Determination of System
n w n xn
Function from Flow wGraph
1
w2 n w1 n
w3 n w2 n xn
w4 n w3 n 1
yn w2 n w4 n
W1 z W4 z X z
W2 z W1 z
W3 z W2 z X z
W4 z W3 z z 1
Y z W2 z W4 z
X z z 1 1
W2 z
1 z 1
X z z 1 1
W4 z
1 z 1
Y z W2 z W4 z
Y z
z 1
H z
X z 1 z 1
hn n 1un 1 n 1un
11
12
13
k 1
N1
k 1
M2
k 1
N2
k 1
M1
14
Example
1 2z
H z
1 0.75z 1
1 z
1
z 2
1 z 1 1 z 1
2
0.125z
1 0.5z 1 1 0.25z 1
1 z
1 0.5z 1 0.25z
1
1 d z 1 d z
1c z
NP
k 0
H z
NP
C z
k 0
NP
k 1
NP
k 1
NS
e0k e1k z 1
1
a2k z 2
k 1 1 a1k z
Or by pairing the
real poles
16
Example
1 2z 1 z 2
18
25
H z
8
1
2
1
1 0.75z 0.125z
1 0.5z
1 0.25z 1
17
Transposed Forms
Transposing:
1
az 1
Reverse directions of all1branches
H z
Example:
Example
Transpose
hnz
n0
MS
b
k 1
0k
b1k z 1 b2k z 2
21
hM n hn
hM n hn
n 0,1,..., M
(type I or III)
n 0,1,..., M
(type II or IV)
yn
M / 2 1
k 0
k 0
k M / 2 1
hk xn k hk xn k hM / 2xn M / 2 hk xn k
M / 2 1
M / 2 1
k 0
k 0
hk xn k hM / 2xn M / 2 hM k xn M k
M / 2 1
hk xn k xn M k hM / 2xn M / 2
k 0
22