Week 10 Secondary Distribution System (Final Version)

Sharjah University
Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Dr. Amr El Nady
Secondary Distribution System
Sharjah University
Dr. Amr El Nady
Introduction
It is a part of the distribution
system which is located
between the distribution
transformer
and the
consumers property.
Secondary
distribution
systems include:
Step
down
distribution
transformers.
Secondary circuits
Meters and protection
Generally, the secondary

distribution systems are in
three-phase/single-phase
circuits
for
areas
of
residential loads and in the
three-phase circuits for
areas of industrial or
Sharjah University
Dr. Amr El Nady
Introduction
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Dr. Amr El Nady

Secondary Voltage Level
The secondary voltage level should match the voltage
requirements of the loads. The residential, commercial and
industrial loads have different voltages. There is no standard
voltage for this system because the voltage in North America is
different from the voltage in Europe and the Middle East.
Types of Secondary
Distribution
Radial
System
The radial system is used for residential, rural, light commercial

loads. The radial secondary distribution system is shown in the
next slide
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Dr. Amr El Nady

Distribution substation low voltage side
3 Primary main
Lateral fuse cutout
1 Laterals
Transformer fuse
Distribution transformer
120/240 V
Secondary main
4-20 Customers
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Dr. Amr El Nady

Secondary
Banking
The secondary banking exists where two or more transformers are

connected in parallel fed from a primary feeder, and to supply a load or
a group of loads
The advantages of banking of distribution transformers include
Improved voltage regulation
Improved service reliability
Improved system ability for load growth
The common schemes for the secondary banking is shown below
Sharjah University
Dr. Amr El Nady

Spot Network
It is similar to the secondarybanking system, but with
more than one transformer
connected in parallel and
connected to more than one
feeder or one bus.
It is used for the critical, highdensity loads, urban areas
and downtown areas. Also, it
is used to provide high
reliability of electric service.
Sharjah University
Dr. Amr El Nady

The Secondary Network
Generally speaking, most of the secondary systems are radialdesigned except for some specific service areas (e.g. downtown
areas or business districts, some military installations, and
hospitals) where the reliability and service continuity
considerations are far more important than the cost and
economic considerations. Therefore, the secondary systems may
be designed in grid-or-mesh-type network configurations in those
areas. They can also be built underground to avoid overhead
congestion. The figure, shown next, indicates one-line diagram of
a small segment of a secondary network supplied by three
primary feeders.
Sharjah University
Dr. Amr El Nady
Sharjah University
Dr. Amr El Nady
Secondary Distribution in Sharjah
10
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Dr. Amr El Nady
11
Sharjah University
Dr. Amr El Nady

33 kV
6.6 kV
0.415 kV
0.415 kV
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Dr. Amr El Nady
Bus
section
0.415 kV
Circuit
breaker
Earth switch
6.6 kV
13
Bus
section
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Dr. Amr El Nady
Secondary Mains (feeders)

All secondary mains, (underground or overhead), are routed
along the streets and are three-phase four-wire Wye-connected
with solidly grounded neutral wire for the overhead
The cables are in three-phase or single-phase structure and they
can be installed in conduits, ducts, or directly buried in the
ground. Also, the workers should have accessibility the
underground cables.
PVC-sheet
Filler
Copper screen
PEXInsulation Conductor shield

Insulation shield
Conductor
Underground
Cable
Underground
Cable
14 Overhead
Line
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Dr. Amr El Nady

(Some Pictures-Underground)
15
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Dr. Amr El Nady

(Some Pictures-Underground)
In UAE, all the secondary distribution systems are underground
distribution because it is more safe, but it is more expensive.
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Dr. Amr El Nady

(Some Pictures-Overhead)
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Dr. Amr El Nady
Protection System
(Limiters)
To have fast clearing for some
faults, limiters are used. The
limiters are a high-capacity fuse, it
can be installed in each phase
conductor of the secondary main
at each junction point.
The limiters fusing or time-current
relations are designed to allow the
normal network current to pass
without melting but to operate and
clear a faulted section of the main
before the cable insulation is
damaged
by
the
heating
generated in the cable by fault
current.
Its characteristics should be
coordinated with the upstreamsystem protection in order to
minimize the isolated faulty area.
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Dr. Amr El Nady
Protection System
(Limiters)
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Dr. Amr El Nady
Protection System
(Fuse)
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Dr. Amr El Nady
Protection System
(Fuse-Pictures)
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Dr. Amr El Nady
Protection System
(Fuse-Pictures)
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Dr. Amr El Nady
Protection System
(Circuit Breaker)
What is the circuit breaker?
A Circuit Breaker (CB) is basically a switch used to interrupt the flow of
current. It opens based on a relay command. The relay command initiates
mechanical separation of the contacts. It is a complex element because it
has to handle large voltages (few to hundreds of kV's) and currents (in
kA's). Interrupting capacity of the circuit breaker is therefore expressed in
MVA.
Power systems under fault behave more like inductive circuits. X/R ratio of
lines is usually much greater than unity. For 400 kV lines, it can be higher
than 10 and it increases with voltage rating. From the fundamentals of
circuit analysis, we know that current in an inductive circuit (with finite
resistance) cannot change instantaneously. The abrupt change in current,
if it happens due to switch opening, will result in infinite di/dt and hence will
induce infinite voltage. Even with finite di/dt, the induced voltages will be
quite high. The high induced voltage developed across the CB will ionize
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the dielectric between its terminals.
Sharjah University
Dr. Amr El Nady
Protection System
(Circuit Breaker)
What is the circuit breaker?
This results in arcing. When the current in CB goes through the natural
zero, the arc can be extinguished (quenched). However, if the interrupting
medium has not regained its dielectric properties then the arc can be
restruck. The arcing currents reduce with passage of time and after a few
cycles
the
current
is
finally
interrupted.
Usually CB opening time lies in the 2-6 cycles range. CBs are categorized
by the interrupting medium used. Minimum oil, air blast, vacuum arc and
SF6 CBs are some of the common examples. CB opening mechanism
requires much larger power input than what logical element relay can
provide. Hence, when relay issues a trip command, it closes a switch that
energizes the CB opening mechanism powered by a separate dc source
(station battery). The arc struck in a CB produces large amount of heat
which also has to be dissipated.
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Dr. Amr El Nady
Protection System
(Network Protector)
The network protector, (NP), consists of an air circuit breaker
with a closing and tripping mechanism controlled by relays,
and backup fuses.
The functions of a NP are
Fault isolation with the minimum service interruption for the customers.
Open the circuit if huge instantaneous power flow is reversed
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Simple Example of Protection Coordination
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Dr. Amr El Nady
Network Protectors
Simple Example for NP for Spot Network

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Dr. Amr El Nady
Protection System
(Network Protector)
Simple Example for NP for Spot Network

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Dr. Amr El Nady
Network Protectors
(Picture)
Network Protector
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Dr. Amr El Nady
Distribution Transformers
The distribution transformers can be mounted on poles or
platforms depending on their sizes and ratings. These
transformers may be three-phase or single-phase
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Pole Mounted Transformers
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Dr. Amr El Nady
Pad Mounted Transformers

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Dr. Amr El Nady
Vaults for Underground Transformers

31
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Dr. Amr El Nady
Secondary Distribution In Sharjah
32
Sharjah University
Dr. Amr El Nady
Secondary Distribution In Sharjah
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Sharjah University
Dr. Amr El Nady
Voltage Calculations In Secondary Distribution S

Example 1
For the residential secondary distribution system shown in the Figure of the
next slide. Assume the following:
The distribution transformer capacity is 75 kVA,
All secondaries and services are single-phase, three wire, normally 120
/ 240 V, (all loads are connected to 240 V)
All secondary lines are of # 2/0 Al/Cu XLPE cable, (it is the lateral)
Service drops are of # 1/0 Al/Cu XLPE cable, (it is the sub-lateral)
All service drops are 100 ft long, (sub-lateral length)
All secondary lines are 200 ft long, (lateral length)
Average lagging load power factor of 0.9
Assume the drop over the main is neglected
Determine:
The total load on the transformer in kVA and in pu.
34
The total steady-state voltage drop in pu at the most
remote and severe
customers meter for the given annual maximum system load.
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Dr. Amr El Nady
Sublateral
Main
Lateral
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Dr. Amr El Nady

Table A: Single-phase 7200-120/240 V distribution transformer data
at 65C
Rated
kVA
Core Loss
kW
Copper Loss
kW
Rpu
Xpu
Excitation
Current
Apu
15
0.083
0.194
0.013
0.0094
0.014
25
0.115
0.309
0.0123
0.0138
0.015
37.5
0.17
0.4
0.0107
0.0126
0.014
50
0.178
0.537
0.0107
0.0139
0.014
75
0.28
0.755
0.0101
0.0143
0.014
100
0.335
0.975
0.0098
0.0145
36
0.014
Sharjah University
Dr. Amr El Nady

Table B: Twin concentric Al/Cu XLPE cable data
~
K cable
*
R(/1000 ft) per conductor

Size
X(/1000
ft)
per phase
conductor
Direct-burial
Ampacity
A
Phase
conductor
90C
Neutral
Conductor
80C
2 AWG
0.334
0.561
0.0299
1 AWG
0.265
0.419
1/0 AWG
0.21
2/0 AWG
(per unit voltage

drop per (A.ft))*10-4
90 % PF
50 % PF
180
0.02613
0.01608
0.305
205
0.02098
0.01324
0.337
0.0297
230
0.01683
0.01089
0.167
0.259
0.029
265
0.0136
0.00905
3/0 AWG
0.132
0.211
0.028
300
0.01092
0.00752
4/0 AWG
0.105
0.168
0.0275
340
0.00888
0.00636
250
kcmil
0.089
0.133
0.028
370
0.00769
0.00573
350
kcmil
0.063
0.085
0.027
445
0.00571
0.00458
500
kcmil
0.044
0.066
0.026
540
0.00424
0.00371
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Dr. Amr El Nady

Solution
Assume perfectly balanced loading in all three-wires single-phase
circuits, and nominal operating voltage of 240 V when computing
currents from kVA loads.
The total load of the transformer is
ST = (3+2+8+6) + (5+6+7+4) + (6+7+8+10) = 72 kVA.
ST, pu = ST / Sbase = 72 / 75 = 0.96 pu.
To calculate the total steady-state voltage drop in pu at the most remote
and service customers meter. We have to calculate the per unit voltage
drops in the transformer, the service line (over lateral), and that of the
most remote and severe customer (over sub-lateral). This is carried out
as follows:
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Dr. Amr El Nady

For the transformer:
Solution
VDTr = ZI = (0.0101+j0.0143)*0.96
= 0.0168 angle(26.9) and the angle can be neglected
where R = 0.0101 pu and X = 0.0143 pu are found from Table A.
For the service lines (lateral):
Ilateral = Smax / Voperating = (6+7+8+10)kVA / 240 V =31k / 240 = 129.17 A.
K= 0.0136 from Table B.
VDlateral=Kcable(Ilateral x l) x 10-4 = 0.0136 (129.17 x 200) x 10-4 = 0.03513 pu.
For the service drops (Sub-lateral):
Isub-lateral = Ssub-lateral-max / Voperating = 10 kVA / 240 V =41.67 A.
K = 0.01683 from Table B.
VDsub-lateral = Kcable (Isub-lateral x l) x 10-4 = 0.01683 (41.67 x 100) x 10-4 =
0.007 pu.
Total voltage drop:
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VDtotal = VDTr + VDlateral +VDsub-lateral=0.0168+ 0.03513 + 0.007 = 0.0589 pu.
Sharjah University
Dr. Amr El Nady

It can be noticed from the previous example that the voltage was
Solution
assumed
to be constant along the feeder. (i.e., 240V)
This is not correct as there will be voltage drop in the line.
However, the voltage drop will be very small and the exact
calculation will be as in the coming slide:
Vlateral = 1 0.0168 = 0.9832
For the service lines:
Ilateral = Slateral-max / Voperating = (6+7+8+10)kVA / (0.9832*240) V =
131.1 A.
K = 0.0136 from Table B.
VDlateral = K (Ilateral x l) x 10-4 = 0.0136 (131.1 x 200) x 10-4 =
0.035pu.
For the service drops:
V sub-lateral= 0.9832 .03566 = 0.9475
40
Isub-lateral = Ssub-lateral-max / Voperating = 10 kVA / (.9475*240) V =43.88 A.
Sharjah University
Dr. Amr El Nady

Total voltage drop:
VDtotalSolution
= VDTr + VDlateral +VDsub-lateral=0.0168 + 0.03566 + 0.0074 = 0.0599 pu.
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Dr. Amr El Nady

Solution
Example
2
The system, shown below, is a single phase AC. Assume the
impedance of the feeder is 0.001+j0.005 /m, the voltage at point
A is 2500 V and at point B is 2401.5 V, find the voltage drop
between points C and D.
0.8 lagging
0.9 lagging
Solution
The current in segment AC is assumed to be IT,
so the current is segment CD will be IT (40-j30),
and the current in segment DB will be IT (40-j30) 42
(9-j4.35)
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Dr. Amr El Nady

The impedances of each line segment will be:
Z AC 200 0.001 j 0.005 0.2 j1.0
Z CD 700 0.001 j 0.005 0.7 j 3.5

Z DB 100 0.001 j 0.005 0.1 j 0.5
V AB 2500 2401.5 10 j 6.28 11.8 32.12V

Apply KVL:
V AB I T (0.2 j 1) I T 50 36.9 (0.7 j 3.5)

I T 50 36.9 10 25.8 (0.1 j 0.5)
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Dr. Amr El Nady

Solving the above equation will result in:
I T 37.64 48
So, the voltage drop between C and D:
V drop I T 50 36.9 0.7 j 3.5 53.4251
Solution
Special
Case (ring bus-bar)
44

Week 10 Secondary Distribution System (Final Version)

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Week 10 Secondary Distribution System (Final Version)

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Sharjah University

Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Secondary Distribution System

Generally, the secondary

Secondary Distribution System

The radial system is used for residential, rural, light commercial

Secondary Distribution System

Secondary Distribution System

The secondary banking exists where two or more transformers are

The common schemes for the secondary banking is shown below

Secondary Distribution System

Secondary Distribution System

Secondary Distribution System

The Secondary Network

Secondary Distribution in Sharjah

The Secondary Network

Secondary Distribution in Sharjah

The Secondary Network

Secondary Distribution in Sharjah

Secondary Distribution in Sharjah

Secondary Mains (feeders)

PEXInsulation Conductor shield

Secondary Mains (feeders)

Secondary Mains (feeders)

Secondary Mains (feeders)

Simple Example of Protection Coordination

Simple Example for NP for Spot Network

Simple Example for NP for Spot Network

Pole Mounted Transformers

Pad Mounted Transformers

Vaults for Underground Transformers

Secondary Distribution In Sharjah

Secondary Distribution In Sharjah

Voltage Calculations In Secondary Distribution S

Voltage Calculations In Secondary Distribution S

Voltage Calculations In Secondary Distribution S

Voltage Calculations In Secondary Distribution S

R(/1000 ft) per conductor

(per unit voltage

Voltage Calculations In Secondary Distribution S

Voltage Calculations In Secondary Distribution S

Voltage Calculations In Secondary Distribution S

Isub-lateral = Ssub-lateral-max / Voperating = 10 kVA / (.9475*240) V =43.88 A.

Voltage Calculations In Secondary Distribution S

Voltage Calculations In Secondary Distribution S

Voltage Calculations In Secondary Distribution S

Z AC 200 0.001 j 0.005 0.2 j1.0

Z CD 700 0.001 j 0.005 0.7 j 3.5

V AB 2500 2401.5 10 j 6.28 11.8 32.12V

V AB I T (0.2 j 1) I T 50 36.9 (0.7 j 3.5)

Voltage Calculations In Secondary Distribution S

V drop I T 50 36.9 0.7 j 3.5 53.4251

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