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Definisi
Nyeri dada iskemik (angina) pd saat
Epidemiology
USA (1996): 1.433.000 hospitalisations
due to ACS**
Euro Heart Survey: hospitalisation due to
ACS= 42,3%*
ACS survivors mortality in 6
months:12% STEMI, 13% NSTEMI, 8% UA
Definition of ACS:
Clinical syndrome usually- but not
always- caused by atherosclerotic CAD
and related to the risk of death and
myocardial infarction
Anatomy of Coronary
Artery
Tunika media
NORMAL
Tunika Intima
Barrier
EDRF, NO,
PDGF
Lapisan
Endotel
Lily LS. Pathophysiology of heart disease
1993
Zat
antitrombotik:
Prostaccyclin,
Heparan
sulfate
Mechanism:
Stable Plaque
STEMI
NSTEMI/UA
Pathophysiology
ACS:
Plaque rupture
or erosion
Thrombus formation
and embolization
ST Elevation
Myocardial
Infarction
(STEMI)
Circulation
1998;98:2219-22
Classification of
ST Elevation Myocardial
ACS:
Infarction
Troponin T
CKMB
Acute MCI
Required Thrombolysis
Classification:
Non-ST Elevation Myocardial
Infarction/Unstable Angina
Trop T +
CKMB
NSTEMI
Negative Trop T
Unstable Angina
(UA)
DIAGNOSIS
Clinical Presentation:
1. Angina (ischemic chest pain) at rest
(>20 mnt)
2. New-onset (first onset) angina CCS III
3. Progression of previous stable angina
(crescendo angina)
4. Atypical in old age and diabetes
5. Physical findings: usually normal
Complication (heart failure): gallop
rhythm, rales, and murmur
DIAGNOSIS
Elektrocardiogram (ECG):
ST segment depression or T wave
inversion >1 mm in 2 or more related
leads
Differential diagnosis: pericarditis,
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
DIAGNOSIS
Biochemical Markers:
Troponin T and I:
-More sensitive and specific than
CKMB
-Rise in 3-4 hours persist up to 2
weeks
-Mostly negative in early stage
(repeat in 6-12 hours)
-False positive in chronic kidney
disease
Risk Stratification:
Patient High Risk for Progression to MCI or
Death
Recurrent Ischemia
Risk Stratification:
Moderate Risk for Progression to
MCI or Death
Age > 70
Male, diabetic
Angina < 20 mnt, relieved by
nitrates
Extra-cardiac vascular disease
Q wave and old ST-T change
Normal or slightly high Troponin
T
Braunwald, Circualtion 2002;106:1893-1900
Ant-Lat
Inferior
R-V
Posterior
RCA/LCA
Low-Lat V5, V6
V3, V4, V5, V6 (I,aVL)
II, III., aVF
V4R, V5R, V6R
V7, V8, V9, or
resiprocal di V1, V2,V3
LAD
LAD
LAD
LCA
LCA
RCA
RCA
terjadi yaitu terisinya sel otot polos oleh lemak. Fatty streaks dapat
terlihat dalam arteri koroner mulai usia 15 tahun dan semakin
berkembang seiring dengan pertambahan usia namun, proses ini
dapat dihentikan dengan cara menurunkan LDL kolesterol. Tahap
perkembangan selanjutnya adalah plak fibrosa, yaitu perubahan
progresif dalam dinding endothelium arteri. Plak ini biasanya
muncul pada umur 30 tahun dan mengalami peningkatan sesuai
pertambahan usia. Akibat dari timbulnya plak ini adalah
penyempitan lumen pembuluh darah yang mengakibatkan
berkurangnya aliran darah menuju distal. Dan tahapan terakhir
dalam perkembangan aterosklerosis adalah complicated lesion. Plak
fibrosis yang terus tumbuh mengakibatkan timbulnya inflamasi
sehingga menyebabkan plak tidak stabil, ulserasi bahkan ruptur.