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inverse matrix
A Fast Review
What is a matrix ------
Solve these
inverse matrix
The Inverse
Solving simultaneous
equations
What is an identity?
In math the identity is the number you multiply by
to have equivalent numbers.
For multiplication it is one.
5 * 1 = 5, of course. How is this useful?
3
If you need to have a denominator of 40 in the 8
fraction
3 5 15
8 5 40
inverse matrix
What is an inverse?
The inverse is a number when
multiplied by another number equals
one. 1
4 1 4
4 1
4
1 4 4
4 9 36
1
9 4 36
inverse matrix
Todays Goals
To be able to find the inverse of a Matrix A ~ A -1
To use this for solving simultaneous equations
Recap
The identity Matrix is the equivalent of the number
1 in matrix form
1 0 1 2
0 1 3 4
1 2
2
4
1 2 1 0
3 4 0 1
inverse matrix
1 2
2
4
Definition of Inverse
The inverse is Defined as
1 2 ? ?
3 4 ? ?
AA-1 = A-1A = I
1 0
0
0
? ?
? ?
1 2
3 4
1 0
0
0
We will find out how to calculate the inverse for 2x2 matrix
But first why is it important ?
Because it will allow us to solve equations of the form
a11
a
21
a12
a 22
x1
.
x
2
b1
b
2
inverse matrix
Ax b
A Ax A b
And we can then know the values of X because
A AI
xA b
1
inverse matrix
The The
multiplicative
a matrix
multiplicative inverse
inverse ofof
a matrix
This can only be done with SQUARE matrices
By hand we will only do this for a 2x2 matrix
Inverses of larger square matrices can be calculated but
can be quite time expensive for large matrices, computers
are generally used
4 8
Ex A = 1 3
then A-1 =
0.75 2
0.25 1
as AxA-1 = I
3 2
8 8 1 0
4 8 0.75 2
inverse matrix
10
d b
c a
d b
c a
1 d b
ad cb c a
inverse matrix
11
A
1 3
Step 2 Swap Elements on leading diagonal
3 8
step2
1
4
3 8
step3
4
1
1 3 8
4
4 1
step4
0.75 2
1
A
0
.
25
1
AA
4 8
1 3
inverse matrix
32
0.75 2
0.25
0.75 0.75
1
8 8
23
1 0
0 1
12
A
1 5
1 5 6 1.25 1.5
A
4 1 2 0.25 0.5
5 20
B
1 2
1 2 20 0.2 2
B
10 1 5 0.1 0.5
2 2
C
0 1
1 1 2 0.5 1
C
2 0 1
2 0
1
inverse matrix
13
C
1 2 3 2
2 4
A
1 3
5 10
B
1 2
3 2
C
2 1
1 0
F
0 1
0.5
0.25
1 0 2 0 1
D
1
8
0
.
5
4
2
8 2
D
1 0
2 8
E
1 4
1 1 0 1 0
self inverting
F 1
1 0 1 0 1
inverse matrix
14
Example
Nadia and Hanung spend $240 altogether and Nadia spends 3 times
as much as Hanung.
let p: what Nadia spends and j: what Hanung spends
then N + H = 240
N=3H
rewrite N-3H = 0
15
Solving
simultaneous equations
Solving
simultaneous
equations
x y
x 3y
1 1
1 3
constants from
the left hand side
(the coefficients
of p and j)
240
x1 240
x2 0
UNKNOWNS
X ~ x1
Y ~ x2
inverse matrix
constants
from the
right hand
side
16
1 1
1 3
x1 240
x2 0
Format is Ax=B
To solve this using the matrix we must get rid of it by using its
inverse!
First find the inverse
1 1
1 3
1 3 1 0.75 0.25
4 1 1 0.25 0.25
0.25 0.25
1 1
1 3
x1 0.75 0.25
x
2 0.25 0.25
240
1 0 x1 0.75 0.25
x
0 1 2 0.25 0.25
240
x1 180
x 2 60
17
Tips
a b x m
c d y n
a b
c d
1 d b
ad bc c a
x
1 d b
y ad bc c a
inverse matrix
m
n
18
3x +4y = 5
5x = 7-6y
3 4 x 5
5 6 y 7
Answer x = -1 y = 2
1 6 4 5
1 30 28
1 2 1
y 2 5 3 7 2 25 21 2 4 2
x
x+7y = 1.24
3y -x = 0.76
x
8x = 3y -1
x+y =-7
1 7 x 1.24
1 3 y 0.76
1 3 7 1.24
1 3.72 5.32
1 1.6 0.16
8 3 x 1
1 1 y 7
Answer x = -2 y = -5
x
1 1 3 1
1 1 21
1 22 2
y 11 1 8 7 11 1 56 11 55 5
inverse matrix
19
2
X
1
2 2
X Y
1
4
1
2
1
2
;Y
4
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1 1
4
2 2
20
Cij = (-1)i+j |
Mij|
Mij is the (n-1) x (n-1) matrix made by
removing the ROW i and COLUMN j of
A
inverse matrix
21
C11 C12
C21 C22
C1n
C2n
Cn1 Cn2
Cnn
inverse matrix
22
1
|A|
(matrix of co-factors)T
C1 C2
C
C
1 1 1 2
Cn
C
1 n
C1 C2
Cn
inverse matrix
23
Examples
a b
M11 = d
|M11| = d
inverse matrix
C11 = d
24
Examples
a b
M12 = c
|M12| = c
inverse matrix
C12 = -c
25
Examples
a b
M21 = b
|M21| = b
inverse matrix
C12 = -b
26
Examples
a b
M22 = a
|M22| = a
inverse matrix
C22 = a
27
Examples
a b
Found that:
C11 =
d
So,
C12 =
-c
1
A =
|A|
-1
C21 =
-b
C22 =
a
(matrix of co-factors)T
inverse matrix
28
Examples
a b
Found that:
C11 =
d
So,
C12 =
-c
1
A =
(adbc)
-1
C21 =
-b
C22 =
a
(matrix of co-factors
inverse matrix
29
Examples
a b
Found that:
C11 =
d
So,
C12 =
-c
1
-1
A =
(adbc)
C21 =
-b
C11 C12
C22 =
a
C2 C22
1
inverse matrix
30
Examples
a b
Found that:
C11 =
d
So,
C12 =
-c
1
-1
A =
(adbc)
C21 =
-b
C22 =
a
C11 C21
C1 C22
2
inverse matrix
31
Examples
a b
Found that:
C11 =
d
So,
C12 =
-c
1
-1
A =
(adbc)
C21 =
-b
C22 =
a
d C21
C1 C22
2
inverse matrix
32
Examples
a b
Found that:
C11 =
d
So,
C12 =
-c
1
-1
A =
(adbc)
C21 =
-b
C22 =
a
d -b
C1 C22
2
inverse matrix
33
Examples
a b
Found that:
C11 =
d
So,
C12 =
-c
1
-1
A =
(adbc)
C21 =
-b
C22 =
a
d -b
-c C22
inverse matrix
34
Examples
a b
Found that:
C11 =
d
So,
C12 =
-c
1
-1
A =
(adbc)
C21 =
-b
C22 =
a
d -b
-c a
inverse matrix
35
M11
2
2
=
3 4
|M11| = 2
inverse matrix
C11 =
2
36
M12
1
2
=
2 4
|M12| = 0
inverse matrix
C12 =
0
37
M13
1
2
=
2 3
|M13| = -1 C13 =
-1
inverse matrix
38
M21
1
1
=
3 4
|M21| = 1
inverse matrix
C21 =
-1
39
M22
1
1
=
2 4
|M22| = 2
inverse matrix
C22 =
2
40
M23
1
1
=
2 3
|M23| = 1
inverse matrix
C23 =
-1
41
M31
1
1
=
2 2
|M31| = 0
inverse matrix
C31 =
0
42
M32
1
1
=
1 2
|M32| = 1
inverse matrix
C32 =
-1
43
M33
1
1
=
1 2
|M33| = 1
inverse matrix
C33 =
1
44
45
= 1
(matrix of co-factors)T
(matrix of co-factors)T
inverse matrix
46
(matrix of co-factors)T
1
2
0
1
=
1 -1 2 -1
0 -1 1
inverse matrix
47
(matrix of co-factors)T
2 -1 0
0 2 -1
-1 -1 1
48