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HSDPA Basic Principle

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Learning Objectives
HSDPA basic principle and feature
HSDPA key technologies
HSDPA physical channels

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Contents
Chapter 1 HSDPA Basic
Concepts and Characteristics
Section 2 Key Techniques
Section 3 Physical Channel

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HSDPA Basic Concepts

HSDPA = High Speed Downlink Packet Access
Important Features of 3GPP R5
Why HSDPA?
The subscribers request higher speed and better quality
data access
Competition challenge from CDMA EV/DO, WiMAX
Up to now, the throughput request for downlink is much
more higher than that of uplink
The channel configuration of R99 lead a very low
efficiency on the downlink capacity

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HSDPA Characteristics
HSDPA is the solution of WCDMA offering higher
speed downlink data services.
Peak data rate in DL: 14.4Mbps (physical layer)
Shorter delay
Higher efficiency using downlink code and power and bigger
downlink capacity
Flexible cell resource allocation
More high speed user access
HSDPA
UMTS R9
9
GSM

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Contents

Chapter 1 HSDPA Basic

Concepts and Characteristics
Chapter 2 Key Techniques
Chapter 3 Physical Channel

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HSDPA Key Techniques- Overview

AMC
Adaptive Modulation and Coding

SF16, 2ms and CDM/TDM

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HARQ (Hybrid ARQ)

Fast Scheduling

Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request

16QAM

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3 New Physical Channels

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HSDPA Key Techniques

Fast Scheduling(2ms short frame
and scheduling)
AMC (support QPSK and 16QAM)
HARQ

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Fast Scheduling Basic

Physical Layer Basic
If a little part of received 10ms frame (15 slots - R99) cant be
decoded correctly, whole frame will be retransmit 10ms later.

An HSDPA frame is only 2ms(3 slots). If a 2ms frame cant be

decoded correctly, just this 2ms frame need be retransmitted. Other
2ms(up to 6) HARQ process may continue transmitting data, thus
radio resource could be used more effectively.

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Fast Scheduling
By fast scheduling, HSDPA cell can allocate the available HSDPA power resource and
code resource among users effectively, to improves the throughout.

Scheduling Principle: based on channel

condition in short period; based on balance
between throughout and proportional fair for
all users in long period.

Scheduler may works based on CDM

and/or TDM

Some basic scheduler

Channel condition
Amount of data waiting in the queue (delay)

Round Robin (RR)

Fairness

Maximum C/I (MAXC/I)

Cell throughout, etc

Proportional Fair (PF)

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Share and Scheduling of Shared Channel

The following fig describes scheduling processing for 4 users.

All codes
reserved for
HSDPA
transmission
2ms

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Fast Scheduling Process

Available resource
Required resource

Transmit power for which users

Scheduling Algorithm

Channelization code
Data attributes

Temporary statistic

Input:
1. Available resource: power and channelization code
2. Required resource: including users, user data, retransmission, air interface ability
estimate, etc.
3. Temporary statistic of scheduling algorithm: waiting time, average C/I, etc.
Output:
Transmit power for which users, power, channelization code, data attributes

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Max C/I Scheduling Algorithm

Features:
1) Allocates channel to the user with max C/I in one TTI.
2) Provides the highest cell throughout, because channel is allocated to the user in the
best radio condition .
3) It is not fair for the users located in areas of poor coverage. By max C/I
algorithm, the system hardly allocate channel for users under pool signal condition.

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RR Scheduling Algorithm (RR - Round Robin)

Note: User allocated

resource

Features:
1) Every user has the same chance to occupy the channel and power.
2) It is very fair for every user, but it is not good to get a best cell throughput.

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PF Scheduling Algorithm
(PF- Proportional Fair)
Priority for UE = R/r:
R: required data rate of UE (calculated TB size per 2ms
based on CQI)
r: amount of effective data (not including data
retransmitted ) transmitted by transport layer for this UE during
the past 1.6s
The bigger the R/r, the higher the priority (more chance to
get resource).
Features:
1) A good balance scheme, whose fairness and resource allocation efficiency is between RR
and max C/I scheduling algorithm.
2) Probability of serving all users is the same, although different users have different average
channel quality.
3) This scheme accounts for balance between system throughout and fairness.

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HSDPA Key Techniques

Fast Scheduling(2ms short frame and

scheduling)
AMC (support QPSK and 16QAM)
HARQ

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Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC)

AMC could improve radio bandwidth and fit for high speed radio transmission.
AMC is based on channel quality
Adjust data rate

Good channel condition higher rate

Poor channel condition lower rate

Adjust code rate

Good channel condition higher rate (e.g. 3/4 code)

Poor channel condition lower rate (e.g. 2/4 code)

Adjust modulation scheme

Good channel condition 16QAM

Poor channel condition QPSK

Channel Quality Feedback (CQI)

UE measures channel quality (SNR) and reports to
Node B every 2ms or longer time.
Node-B chooses modulation scheme, Transport
Block size and data rate based on CQI.
Throughput ~ SIR Relationship
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Modulation Scheme
HSDPA Modulation
QPSK
16QAM

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CQI Mapping Table (Category 10)

CQI value

Transport Block
Size

N/A

137

QPSK

173

QPSK

233

QPSK

317

QPSK

377

QPSK

461

QPSK

650

QPSK

12

1742

QPSK

13

2279

QPSK

14

2583

QPSK

15

3319

QPSK

16

3565

16-QAM

...

...

...

21

6554

16-QAM

22

7168

16-QAM

23

9719

16-QAM

24

11418

16-QAM

25

14411

10

16-QAM

26

17237

12

16-QAM

30

25558

15

16-QAM

Number of HS-PDSCH

Reference power adjustment

Modulation

NIR

XRV

28800

Out of range

AMC and modulation scheme recommend in protocol

Node-B chooses modulation scheme, transport block size and data rate based on
CQI.
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Link Emulation- AMC

AMC Performance

AMC changes transmission

parameters depending on channel
condition and optimize data rate.
AMC performance is affected
by channel quality error and
feedback delay in fading channel.
For low data rate, AMC has
better performance than fixed MCS.
For high data rate, AMC has
worse performance than fixed MCS.

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AMC Processing Flow

UE measure CPICH strength

UE reports the signal quality by CQI (channel quality indicator)
Node B may filter and rectify CQI report to obtain actual CQI
Determine the channel number, transmit power and modulation
scheme, etc, based on CQI, transmit data volume, available power
and code.

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HSDPA Key Techniques

Fast Scheduling(2ms short frame and

scheduling)
AMC (support QPSK and 16QAM)
HARQ

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Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ)

HARQ helps minimize retransmission time and increase cell throughout.
Tranditional ARQ

Hybrid ARQ

decode received transport block

decode received transport block

detect if there is CRC error in decoded

transport bolck

Detect if there is CRC error in decoded transport bolck

If there is CRC error

If there is CRC error

Store error block(no discard)

discard error block

Request retransmission

Request retransmission

Combine the currently received retranmission with

the previous failed decodes.

Combined HARQ
Block1

Block1

Block2

Soft Combine

Block1

Block1
Block1?

Increment redundancy

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HARQ Concept
HARQ is a technique that transmitter sends new set of check bits if
the previous transmission failed (NACK) while receiver buffers the
failed decodes for soft combining with future retransmissions.
The RV parameter indicates different code bit transmit in IR buffer.
Different RV parameter configuration supports:
CC (Chase Combining): retransmit the same coded data
PIR (Partial Incremental Redundancy): transmit systematic bits first
FIR (Full Incremental Redundancy): transmit parity bits first

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HARQ Gain
One retransmission gain for different retransmission scheme
Code Rate

1/3

1/2

2/3

3/4

CC Gain (dB)

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

PIR Gain (dB)

3.1

3.3

3.6

6.5

FIR Gain (dB)

3.1

3.5

4.3

8.4

FIR scheme will transmit the check bits first, it has effective average
coded bits after retransmission. Especially for high code rate, the
HARQ gain is very evidence.

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Link Emulation- HARQ

HARQ( Hybrid ARQ) Performance

HARQ may reduce effect by

channel measure error and
feedback delay, and provide AMC
performance gain.
Higher speed, higher HARQ gain.

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Contents

Chapter 1 HSDPA Basic

Concepts and Characteristics
Section 2 Key Techniques
Section 3 Physical Channel

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HSDPA Relevant Physical Channel

Three new HSDPA Physical Channel
For each HS-PDSCH, SF=16

For each HS-SCCH, SF=128

Each cell is assigned up to 4 HSSCCH (limited by UE capability)

For each HS-DPCCH,

SF=256
Each H has one HS-DPCCH.

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HSDPA Channel Mapping

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Associated Channel - DPCH

There is another dedicated physical channel
named DPCH for each HSDPA user. DPCH is
also called associated channel in HSDPA. It is
used for signaling transport and power control.
Normally DPCH doesnt carry service data, only
sometimes carry real time services such as
AMR (the user setup multiple RAB: CS+PS).
Node B

HS-PDSCH

HS-SCCH

DPCH

HS-DPCCH

UE

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Associated? Or Concomitant?
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HSDPA Physical Channel (HS-SCCH)

HS-SCCH and HS-PDSCH
HS-SCCH and HS-PDSCH
are downlink shared
are downlink shared
channel shared by all
channel shared by all
users. How can users
users. How can users
know when and on which
know when and on which
channel my data is
channel my data is
transported?
transported?

HS-SCCH is like soldiers holding

HS-SCCH is like soldiers holding
flags at the first row of queue. UE
flags at the first row of queue. UE
keeps on monitoring the HS-SCCH
keeps on monitoring the HS-SCCH
channels to identify any HS-PDSCH
channels to identify any HS-PDSCH
subframes addressed to it on the
subframes addressed to it on the
sets of HS-PDSCH channels. Upon
sets of HS-PDSCH channels. Upon
receiving an HS-PDSCH subframe for
receiving an HS-PDSCH subframe for
the UE, the UE physical layer will
the UE, the UE physical layer will
demodulates the subframe, otherwise
demodulates the subframe, otherwise
do nothing.
do nothing.

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Physical Channel Slot Format (HS-SCCH)

HS-SCCH Slot Format Features
3 slots in one TTI (2ms)
SF=128, QPSK modulation
Maps users seven data attributes, including Xue, Xccs, Xms, Xrv, Xtbs, Xhap and Xnd;
UE demodulates HS-SCCH and find out the received data addressed to the UE. Then
UE demodulates the HS-PDSCH.
In theory, one cell can configure up to 15 HS-SCCH. But now commercial UE can only
monitor up to 4 HS-SCCH channels simultaneously. So one cell only configure up to
4 HS-SCCH channels.

Data
N data 1 bits

T slot = 2560 chips, 40 bits

Slot #0

Slot#1

Slot #2

HS-SCCH subframe: T = 2 ms

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Physical Channel Slot Format (HS-PDSCH)

HS-PDSCH Slot Format Attributes:

3 slots in one TTI (2ms)
Fixed spreading factor SF16
QPSK or 16QAM modulation
Only carry user data
UE may be assigned multi channelization codes to support multi-code
transport
depending on UE capability.

Data
Ndata 1 bits
k

Tslot = 2560 chips, M*10*2 bits (k=4)

Slot #0

Slot#1

Slot #2

1 subframe: Tf = 2 ms

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Physical Channel Slot Format (HS-DPCCH)

Uplink HS-DPCCH
TTI 2ms (3 slots), SF 256, Fixed rate of 15Kbps,carry 2 types of HSDPA uplink physical layer
signaling: ACK/NACK and CQI.
ACK and NACK notifies the NodeB if UE has received correct downlink data or not. The field
defines like this:1-Nack, 0-Ack
CQI is a metric that reflects physical channel quality indicator based on CPICH, and reported
by period ranging from 0, 2ms. to 160ms (0 means no transmission). Usually the period is
2ms (one TTI).
ACK/NAK and CQI having different function may be controlled independently by different
parameters .
ACK/NACK/CQI could be configured to repeat up to 4 times to improve TSTD gain.
Tslot = 2560 chips
2Tslot = 5120 chips

HARQ-ACK

CQI

One HS-DPCCH subframe (2 ms)

Subframe #0

Subframe #

Subframe #4

One radio frame Tf = 10 ms

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Physical Channel Timing

Start of HS-SCCH is aligned with the start of P-CCPCH, HS-PDSCH subframe
is transmitted two slots after the associated HS-SCCH subframe. UE
demodulates HS-PDSCH subframe according to HS-SCCH.
HS-SCCH and PDSCH are common channels, so there are not timing between
HS-SCCH/PDSCH and DPCH.
10 ms

Radio frame with (SFN modulo 2) = 0

P-CCPCH

Radio frame with (SFN modulo 2)=1

3 slots = 2 ms

HS-SCCH Subframe #0 Subframe #1 Subframe #2 Subframe #3 Subframe #4

3 slots = 2 ms

Subframe #0 Subframe #1 Subframe #2 Subframe #3 Subframe #4

HS-PDSCH
2 slots

15 slots = 10 ms

Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot

DPCH

DPCH

~7.5 slots

HS-DPCCH
3 slots = 2 ms

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UE Capacity Category( for reference)

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HSDPA Physical Channel Transmit Power

PHSDPA(HSDPA total transmit power) PHS-PDSCH + PHS-SCCH

The HS-PDSCH transmit power is adjusted by Node B according

to the following factors:
CQI
Amount of data to be transmitted
Available power for HS-PDSCH
Available code resource for HS-PDSCH

HS-SCCH transmit power may use:

Fixed power transmission (outdoor 5%, indoor 3% of the total power)
A fixed power offset between HS-SCCH and DL associated channel
(PDCH). HS-PDSCH transmit power is usually bigger than the PDCH
channel to keep a proper transmit power.

HS-DPCCH transmit power has a power offset based on UL DPCH.

Slot carrying HARQ-ACK/NACK or CQI may be set different power offset.

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HSDPA Channel Mapping

When RAB is mapped onto HS-DSCH,
DPCH is needed to transport UL RLC
AM information and possible UL data, no
matter there is UL data to transport.
The following figure describes that DL
TRB is carried on HS-DSCH SRB and
SRB or UL service is carried on DCH. In
soft handover, there may be one or more
DCH, but only one HS-DSCH.

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