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Energy
Water
Su
Grade
he
Line
rface
V12
2g
WS2
Cha
nne
l Bo
WS1
tt om
Datum
WS 2
2 V22
2g
WS1
1 V12
2g
he
Velocity Distribution
Factors influencing velocity distribution:
Shape of the cross section
Roughness of the boundaries
Presence of bends
Contractions and expansions
Flow obstructions, such as bridge piers, etc
Use to account for kinetic energy for cross section
V
2g
A2, Q2
A1, Q1
Q V
2
1 1
V22
2g
V QT
Energy Losses
For steady flow two types of losses are taken into
account:
Friction
Contraction and Expansion
he L S f C
2
2V2
2g
2
1V1
2g
Q = K Sf 1/2
Conveyance K is:
K = (1.486/n) A R2/3
Conveyance Calculations
HEC-RAS Default Method
n1
A1 P1
n2
A2 P2
n3
Ach Pch
Klob = K1 + K2
n4
A3 P3
Krob = K3
Kch
Computational Procedure
Water Surface Guess
1. The first guess of the water surface: downstream depth
projected onto upstream cross section.
2. Second guess:
WSnew = WSassumed + 0.7 (WScomputed - WSassumed)
3. Subsequent Trials: Secant projection method
4. If secant method fails:
WSnew = (WSassumed + WScomputed) / 2
Computational Procedure
Tolerances and Trials
Default tolerances and trial settings:
- Water surface calculation tolerance = 0.01 ft
(0.0001 - 0.1)
- Maximum difference tolerance = 0.3 ft (0.1 - 1.0)
- Maximum number of iterations = 20 trials (3 - 40)
What happens if there is no convergence after 20 trials?
- If 0.01 < minimum error < 0.3 ft, then use water
surface with minimum error.
- If minimum error >= 0.3 ft, then default to critical
depth.
Note: Minimum error is the error associated with the best guess of
the water surface during the 20 trials.
Local minimum
energy
WScri
t
Hmin
Total Energy H
Momentum Equation
Fx = m a
2
P2
0 W
Wx
Z2
Datum
Ff
P1
L
Z1
Momentum Equation
P 2 - P 1 + Wx - F f = Q p V x
Where:
P = Hydrostatic Pressure
Wx = Force due to weight of water in x-direction
Ff = Force due to external friction from 2 to 1
Q = Discharge
p = Density of water
Vx = Change in velocity from 2 to 1 in x-direction
Pressure:
Weight:
Friction:
A1 A2
Wx
L S0
2
Ff p L
A1 A2
Sf L
2
Where:
RSf
Ff
Mass x acceleration:
Q
1 V1 2 V2
ma
g
Momentum Equation
The momentum equation and principles are used in
HEC-RAS for the following:
Mixed flow regime calculations - locating hydraulic
jumps
Low flow bridge hydraulics
Stream junction analysis - optional method
Cross Section Spacing How do you know if you have enough sections?
Use the HEC-RAS cross section interpolation.
Make a new plan and run the model.
Compare before and after results
Model Limitations
Limitations of the One-Dimensional energy
equation:
Flow is steady with respect to time.
Flow is gradually varied with respect to
distance.
Dominant forces are in the X-direction.
Channel slopes should be less than 1:10.
Other limitations
Real world flows are unsteady
Real world flows are not 1-D flow but 3-D
Recap
In this lecture we reviewed:
Data required for river models
1-D steady flow river analysis
Limitations of the 1-D approach
HEC-RAS input and output
Steady flow RAS applications