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* c * 3 1 2 3 1
N a
Semidilute
solution
1
3 12
N
*
Concentrated
solution
0.2
Polymer
melt
1
means
appearance
of
is
the value
of
R in the
intermediate
range
(semidilute
*
1
polymer solution)? This problem is
easily solved by scaling method.
Scaling considerations are widely used in
polymer science. We will illustrate this
type of considerations for the problem of
concentration dependence of R in the
semidilute polymer solutions. Scaling
arguments
normally
following steps.
include
the
Step 1.
It is assumed that * is the only characteristic polymer volume fraction in the
0 1
range
.RThus
aN 3 5 f ( * )
where f(x) is some function (not yet defined)
Step 2.
The asymptotic forms of the function f(x)
are assumed to be the following:
f ( x ) | x 1 1 (since for dilute3solu5
and
tions R aN );
f ( x ) | x 1 const x n
Step 3.
The exponent n is chosen from additional
physical arguments. In our case we know: at
1, R ~ aN 1 2
(Flory theorem).
3 4
1Thus
1
n , n
5 5
2
8
Therefore, for semidilute solutions, i.e. in
the range * 1 we get the following
relation
35
R aN 3 5 ( * ) 1 8 aN ( N 4 5 ) 1 8
R aN 1 2 1 8
ln (1 ) ln(1 ) 2
n0 kT N
where n0 is the total number of lattice sites
and 2kT is the so-called Flory parameter; 0 corresponds to 0 (only
excluded volume; very good solvent).
ln
N
1 2
1 3
ln (1 2 )
n0 kT N
2
6
ln
N
1 2
(1 2 )
2
1 3
At T B 0 - point corresponds to 1 2.
2
Spinodal
points
Binodal
points
1 and 2
Free energy of homogeneous solution at
ps
F
Fh
F ps
2 0
N 1
or
1 1
1
2 N 1
c
12
1
1
c
;
2
N
1
c
N
Spinodal
Single
globules
Binodal
c
12
Conclusions:
Macroscopic phase separation takes
place at the quality of solvent only slightly
poorer than the - solvent.
1
1
c
2
N
The critical point for macroscopic phase
separation corresponds to the dilute
enough solution.
1
c
N
The region of isolated globules in solution corresponds to very low polymer
concentrations, especially at the values of
1 2than
significantly larger
.
N3
N2
N1
N1 N 2 N 3
12
With the increase of N the critical temperature becomes closer to the - point,
and the critical concentration becomes
lower.
What is the connection of the FloryHuggins parameter and the temperature T ? Within the framework of the lattice
model kT in the experimental variables T, c the phase diagram
has the form shown in the figure, i.e. the
poor solvent region corresponds to T
T
Tg