FSDLecture 11

Fundamentals of Software
Development
CT010-3-1
Object-Oriented Programming
Prepared by: STH First Prepared on:27 th July 2005 Last Modified on:19th December 2005
Quality checked by: GTK
Copyright 2005 Asia Pacific University College of Technology and Innovation
Topic & Structure of the lesson

Introduction to classes and objects
Defining a class
Adding variables and methods to a class
Defining an object
Visibility control
public, private, protected, default
Static/Instance members
CT010-3-1 Fundamentals of Software Development
Object Oriented Programming
Slide 2 (of 39)
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this topic, you should be able to:
Explain object-oriented programming concepts
using appropriate examples.
Write class definitions with members.
Explain the usage of different visibility controls
using appropriate example.
Create, edit, compile, run and debug simple objectoriented Java programs.
Slide 3 (of 39)
Key Terms
If you have mastered this topic, you should be able to use
the following terms correctly in your assignments and
exams:
Class
Object
Methods
Instance Members
Class Members
Inheritance
Multiple Inheritance
Polymorphism
Encapsulation
Information Hiding
State of an object
Visibility Controls
Slide 4 (of 39)
What are objects?
Objects are things
Footballer
Complex Number
Car
Bank Account
Scale
Lion
Objects may be simple or complex

Objects may be real or imaginary
Slide 5 (of 39)
What are objects?
What are not objects?

Some things are not objects but are attributes, values or
characteristics of objects.
Speed color size cost

Some things are merely attributes of objects such as color, size
or speed.
Attributes reflect an objects state, the speed of the car or, size of
the object ~ thus, speed is not considered an object in its own
right.
Slide 6 (of 39)
What are objects?

The Car Object
In order to define the car object, we need to be able to abstract the

states/attributes and behaviours/functions of the car. We need to
define the car in terms of :
State
Behaviour
What features/current state distinguish

it from other objects?
What it can do
Slide 7 (of 39)
What are objects?
An object (a software object) is a software bundle of variables and

related methods.
A software object maintains its state in variables and implements its
behaviour with methods.
State
==>
variables
Behaviour
==>
methods
We can represent real-world objects using software objects.
For eg. We may represent real-world dogs as software objects in an
animation program.
An object is the basic run time entity in Object Oriented
Programming.
Slide 8 (of 39)
What are objects?

The Car Object (contd)
State
A car may have the following features or attributes :
Color
Speed
Attributes
Size
Fuel
moving
Current
stopped
states
Behaviour
Functionally, a car can do the following:
Go
Stop/Brake
Turn right
Turn left
Slide 9 (of 39)
What are objects?

Benefits
Modularity - The source code for an object can be written

and maintained independently of the source code for
other objects. Also, an object can be easily passed
around in the system. You can give your car to someone
else and itll still work.
Information hiding - An object has a public interface that

other objects can use to communicate with it. But the
object can maintain private information and methods that
can be changed anytime without affecting the other
objects that depend on it. You dont need to understand
the gear mechanism on your bike to use it.
Slide 10 (of 39)
What are objects?

Object Encapsulation
Encapsulation
is the grouping together of related states and behaviors to form
objects, whereby some parts of the object remain visible while some
parts are hidden. Encapsulation involves information hiding.
Information Hiding
Only necessary information to accompish a task is provided to the
user (in this case, the programmer). This is the principle of
information hiding and is a related principle of encapsulation.
Some parts are visible (the public interface)

Other parts are hidden (or private)
Slide 11 (of 39)
What are objects?

The Car Object
Encapsulation is used to hide unimportant implementation details

from other objects.
When you want to change gears on your car, you dont need to know
how the gear mechanism works, you merely need to know which
lever to move.
Similarly, in software programs, you dont need to know how the
class is implemented, you just need to know which method to invoke.
(For eg. Keyboard.readInt() )
Thus, the implementation details can change anytime without
affecting other parts of program.
Slide 12 (of 39)
What are objects?

Object Encapsulation
E.g. The car steering wheel
-The steering wheel presents a public interface to the turn

mechanism on a car.
- How steering is implemented is private and may only be acted
upon by the steering wheel.
Slide 13 (of 39)
Data Encapsulation
The Car Object
Public
API
change
gears
5th gear
Gear implementation
brake
turn
steering
60 mph
Steering
implementation
Private
implementation
details
Brake implementation
Slide 14 (of 39)
Quick Review Questions

1. What is an object?
2. Give an example of an object.
3. What criteria would you use to justify that it is indeed an object?
4. Give 3 other examples of objects.
5. Give an example for Data encapsulation.
Slide 15 (of 39)
What are classes?

In the real world, we can have many objects of the same kind. For eg.
Ferrari is just one type of car while Honda is another type of car but we
classified them under car.
Thus, in OOP, we can say that :
car ==> class, Ferrari1 ==> object, Honda1 ==> object
==> An object is an instance of a class
Slide 16 (of 39)
What are classes?
Objects Vs Classes
- Class
A class defines a real world or abstract entity. It is the
type or classification of data. A class defines both the
behavior and attributes of a group of objects with similar
characteristics.
Car class
class name
start, go, stop, turn
methods (functions)
color, speed, fuel
attributes (data)
Slide 17 (of 39)
What are classes?

- Object
An object is an instance or variable of a class. It is
said to belong to the class. An object can be
distinguished from other members by its attributes.
Car.ferrari1
Object name
Methods :
start, go, stop, turn
Data / Attributes :
red, 175 m.p.h, full
Slide 18 (of 39)
Defining a class
A class is a user-defined data type.
Once the class type has been defined, we can create
variables of that type using declarations similar to
primitive data types.
Data and methods defined in the class are known as
instance members.
class classname
{
variable(s) declaration
method(s) declaration
}
Slide 19 (of 39)
Creating an Object
Creating an object is referred to as instantiating an object.

Objects in Java are created using the new operator.
new operator creates an object of the specified class and
returns a reference to that object.
Eg.
Car a;
object declaration
Car()
a=new Car();
object definition
default constructor of the class
Slide 20 (of 39)

1. What is a class?
2. Give five example of classes from real-life.
3. What are the components of a class?
4. Give an example of a class within the context of Java
programming language.
5. What is object instantiation?
6. List the difference between object declaration and
definition.
Slide 21 (of 39)
Adding members to a class

Data is encapsulated in a class by placing variables
inside the body of the class definition.
These variables are known as instance variables
because they are created whenever an object of the
class is created.
Methods that are necessary for manipulating the
data contained in the class are also placing inside
the body of the class definition.
Slide 22 (of 39)
Class methods
Method Structure
is a set of program statements
fundamental unit of execution
exists as part of a classs
Syntax of a method:
returnType methodName (paramList) {
// body of method
}
returnType return type (value)
declare void if no value returned
methodName name of method
paramList optional list of parameters
Slide 23 (of 39)
Class methods
To invoke a method :
methodName(args);
invoke the method by using its name and passing it an
optional set of arguments
Example :
boolean process(int i, String s){
//body of method
}
method that accepts int and String parameters and
returns a boolean type
Slide 24 (of 39)
Class methods
Write the program necessary to create a small application calSqrt that print
out Hello Malaysia and has one calculateSqrt() method. The main() method
will call the calculateSqrt() method which calculates the square root of 5 and
then prints out the answer on a new line.
Sample program :
class calSqrt {
public static void main (String[] args) {
System.out.println(Hello Malaysia);
calculateSqrt(5);
}
static void calculateSqrt(double num) {
double numSqrt;
numSqrt = Math.sqrt(num);
System.out.println(The squareroot of 5 : + numSqrt);
Slide 25 (of 39)
Messages
A single object alone is generally not very useful and usually appears as a component of a larger program
or application that contains many other objects ~ thus, object needs to interact with each other.
How do objects interact?
Objects interact by sending messages to each other.
Message
Object B
Object A
Slide 26 (of 39)
Messages
3 components comprise a message :
1. The object to whom the message is addressed
(Your Bicycle)
2. The name of the method to perform
(changeGears)
3. Any parameters needed by the method
(lower gear)
changeGears (lowerGear)
Your Car
You
Complete Message (Method call):

yourCar.changeGears(lowerGear)
Slide 27 (of 39)
Visibility control
Term
Meaning
private
can be invoked only by code in the

same class
protected
can be invoked only by code in a subclass or

the same package
public
can be invoked by any other class
default
accessible within the same package only
Slide 28 (of 39)
Classes and objects in Java

Declaring Objects (Instance of Class) & Using It in
Java
The Car Class
Create an instance of a Class - Declare variables to
contain Car object :
Car ferrari1, ferrari2, honda;
when a variable of type Car is declared, it creates
a container that is empty.
Create an actual object using the operator new
ferrari1 = new Car(arguments)
==> creates a new object and invokes a method
called the constructor to initialize the new object.
Slide 29 (of 39)

Declaring Objects (Instance of Class) & Using It in Java
The Car Class
Each object has a certain set of methods (the
instance methods) and a certain set of variables (the
instance variables)
Instance variables
ferrari1.speed=170;
Instance methods
ferrari1.turn(right);
Slide 30 (of 39)

Example 1 :
public class Greetings {
public void greet(String name) {
System.out.println("Welcome To " + name + "'s Web Site");
}
}
Greetings
Class
class TestGreetings {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Greetings welcome = new Greetings();
welcome.greet(God");
}
}
TestGreetings
class
Slide 31 (of 39)

Example 2 :
String salutation;
Greetings(String s) {
salutation=s;
}
System.out.println(salutation + "Welcome To " + name + "'s Web
Site");
}
}
Greetings
class
Greetings welcome = new Greetings("Hello,");
}
}
TestGreetings
class
Slide 32 (of 39)

String salutation;
System.out.println("Welcome To " + name + "'s Web Site");
}
public static void showTitle() {
System.out.println("Testing Modular Programming in Java ");
}
Greetings
class
}
Greetings.showTitle();
Greetings welcome = new Greetings();
}
TestGreetings
class
Slide 33 (of 39)
Static modifier
Static Variables
eg.
private static final int April = 4, May = 5, June = 6;
static modifier may only be used on members at
the class level, not on variables and arguments
within methods.
also known as class variable
Slide 34 (of 39)
Static modifier
Static Methods
referenced through the class itself
eg. main method of a Java program must be
declared static so that main can be executed by
the interpreter without instantiating an object from
the class containing main
eg. Math class in the java.lang package
Slide 35 (of 39)

In your own words,
What is a member variable?
What is a method?
List the visibility controls in Java
What is instance variable?
What is class variable?
Slide 36 (of 39)
Follow Up Assignment
Write an app that declares a Rectangle class.
Declare two instance variables width and height
of type double. Declare an instance method
getArea that calculates the area of the
rectangle. Display the area of the rectangle from
main class.
You will be required to demonstrate your
answer on the board during the next lesson.
Slide 37 (of 39)
Summary of Main Teaching

Points
Introduction to classes and objects
Defining a class
Adding variables and methods to a class
Defining an object
Visibility control
public, private, protected, default
Static/Instance members
Slide 38 (of 39)
Next Session
Inheritance
superclass and subclass
single level inheritance
using extends
Constructors and creating them
Sample programs
Slide 39 (of 39)

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Fundamentals of Software

Topic & Structure of the lesson

Object Oriented Programming

Slide 2 (of 39)

CT010-3-1 Fundamentals of Software Development

Object Oriented Programming

Slide 3 (of 39)

Object Oriented Programming

Slide 4 (of 39)

What are objects?

Objects are things

Objects may be simple or complex

CT010-3-1 Fundamentals of Software Development

Object Oriented Programming

Slide 5 (of 39)

What are objects?

What are not objects?

Speed color size cost

CT010-3-1 Fundamentals of Software Development

Object Oriented Programming

Slide 6 (of 39)

What are objects?

In order to define the car object, we need to be able to abstract the

CT010-3-1 Fundamentals of Software Development

What features/current state distinguish

Object Oriented Programming

Slide 7 (of 39)

What are objects?

An object (a software object) is a software bundle of variables and

CT010-3-1 Fundamentals of Software Development

Object Oriented Programming

Slide 8 (of 39)

What are objects?

CT010-3-1 Fundamentals of Software Development

Object Oriented Programming

Slide 9 (of 39)

What are objects?

Modularity - The source code for an object can be written

Information hiding - An object has a public interface that

CT010-3-1 Fundamentals of Software Development

Object Oriented Programming

Slide 10 (of 39)

What are objects?

Some parts are visible (the public interface)

CT010-3-1 Fundamentals of Software Development

Object Oriented Programming

Slide 11 (of 39)

What are objects?

Encapsulation is used to hide unimportant implementation details

CT010-3-1 Fundamentals of Software Development

Object Oriented Programming

Slide 12 (of 39)

What are objects?

-The steering wheel presents a public interface to the turn

CT010-3-1 Fundamentals of Software Development

Object Oriented Programming

Slide 13 (of 39)

CT010-3-1 Fundamentals of Software Development

Object Oriented Programming

Slide 14 (of 39)

Quick Review Questions

CT010-3-1 Fundamentals of Software Development

Object Oriented Programming

Slide 15 (of 39)