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Module 6
Why?
There are many probability
distributions in our world
Examples?????
p-Chart
np-Chart
u-Chart
c-Chart
Decide on
type of data
Continuo
us
(Variables
)
Data
Ye
s
Ye
s
< 10
observations
per
subgroup?
Discrete
(Attributes)
Data
No
No
No
Ye
s
XmR
Are there
equal area
of
opportunity
?
c-chart
Can both
occurrences &
nonoccurrences be
counted?
No
No
Ye
s
Are the
subgroup
sizes
equal?
u-chart p-chart
Ye
s
np-chart
Plot Centerline
Average measurement or count, pooled rate.
Standard Deviation
Based on sample estimate of population
standard deviation.
Based on moving ranges.
Based on ranges.
Is 3 always OK?
T-Sigma Limits
No. of Plotted Points
1.5
3-4
2.0
5-9
2.5
10-34
3.0
35-199
3.5
200-1500
4.0
p-Chart
np-Chart
u-Chart
c-Chart
Example p-Chart
Example np-Chart
Example u-Chart
Example c-Chart
The p-Chart
The np-Chart
Pooled over
all subgroups
The c-Chart
The u-Chart
Choosing Charts
1. Continuous
A. Only 1 observation per subgroupuse iChart
B. More than 1 observation/subgroup
i) Less than 10 observations/subgroupuse Xbar-R
ii) 10 or more observations/subgroup--use Xbar-Sigma
2. Attributes
A. Occurrences (heads) and non-occurrences (tails) can
be counted.
i) Subgroups of equal sizeuse np-Chart
Ii) Subgroups of unequal sizeuse p-Chart
Decide on
type of data
Continu
ous
(Variabl
es)
Data
Discrete
(Attribute
s) Data
< 10
observatio
ns per
subgroup?
No
No
Ye
s
XmR
Are there
equal
area of
opportuni
ty?
c-chart
Can both
occurrences
& nonoccurrences
be counted?
No
No
Ye
s
Are the
subgrou
p sizes
equal?
u-chart p-chart
Ye
s
np-chart