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Definition
History
Classification
Cutting instrument
Non cutting
Cutting instrument
MATERIALS
Hardening and Tempering
Heat Treatments
Design
Shank angles
Nomenclature
Formula
Bevels
Cutting instrument applications
Excavators
Chisels
Sharpening
Stationary sharpening
Mechanical sharpening
Instrument grasp
Modified pen. Inverted
.pen
.Palm and thumb
Modified palm and
Cleaning
and Sterilization
.thumb
Non cutting
instrument
Amalgam condenser
Mouth mirror
Others
Introductio
Introductio
n
:Definition
n
:History
The early hand-operated
instruments
: characterized by
Large, heavy handles and inferior metal
.
alloys in the
blades
cumbersome, difficult to use, and
. ineffective in many situations
HAND
INSTRUMENT
cutting
excavators
chisels
Non cutting
others
Amalgam
condenser
ordinary
hatchets
straight
files
hoes
curved
scalers
Angle
formers
bin-angle
carvers
spoons
Enamel
hatchet
Gingival
margin trimmers
mirrors
,explorers
probes
others
MATERIALS
carbon steel
stainless steel
remains bright
under most
.conditions
when unprotected, itloses a keen edge
during use much
will
more quickly than
.corrode
does carbon steel
Is harder than
.stainless steel
MATERIALS
MATERIALS
Stainless Steel
Carbon steel
MATERIALS
t treatment Furnace
MATERIALS
Design
a- Blade or nib
b-Shank
c-Handle
Design
a- blade
This is the working part of the
.instrument
Begins at the point which
terminates the
.Each
shankblade has a cutting edge
It
is connected
to the handle by
which
is the
.I.the
t isshank
usually
inof
the
form
of a bevel
working
part
the
instrument
(acute
angle)
cutsinstruments
into the tooth
On nonthat
cutting
e.g.
.structure
condensers
the part corresponding to the blade
Design
b-shank
Connect the handle to the
.working end of the instrument
Normally smooth, round and
.Have
tapered
one or more angles to avoid
twisting of
.the instrument
Hand
instruments must be
.balanced and sharp
Balance allows for the
concentration of
force onto the blade without
Design
:Shank angles
Design
Design
handle(shaft)
Design
mirror
cone-socket handle
(mirror)
nomenclature
formula
formula
formula
formula
Additional number
should not be confused
with the formula
.number
Bevels
edges that
extend from the primary cutting
edgeallows
for the
This
cutting in 3 directions;
.length
of the blade
facial
and
lingual walls of the proximal
.cavity
blade design showing primary and secondary cutting edges
Bevels
Bibeveled instrument
have
two bevels that form the
,cutting edge
.e.g. hatched excavator
Bevels
Single beveled
instrument such as
spoon excavator
and gingival
margin trimmer are
used with lateral
.cutting movement
Bevels
Bevels
Bevels
Excavators
Chisels
CUTTING
CUTTINGINSTRUMENT
INSTRUMENT
APPLICATIONS
APPLICATIONS
Excavators(1)
hatchets
hoes
angle formers
spoons
CUTTING
CUTTINGINSTRUMENT
INSTRUMENT
APPLICATIONS
APPLICATIONS
Hatchet excavator
It has the cutting edge of the blade directed
in the same plane as that of the long axis of
.the handle and is bibeveled
CUTTING
CUTTINGINSTRUMENT
INSTRUMENT
APPLICATIONS
APPLICATIONS
Hatchet excavator
These instruments are used primarily on
anterior teeth for preparing retentive areas
and sharpening internal line angles,
particularly in preparations for direct gold
.restorations
CUTTING
CUTTINGINSTRUMENT
INSTRUMENT
APPLICATIONS
APPLICATIONS
Hoe excavator
CUTTING
CUTTINGINSTRUMENT
INSTRUMENT
APPLICATIONS
APPLICATIONS
Hoe excavator
CUTTING
CUTTINGINSTRUMENT
INSTRUMENT
APPLICATIONS
APPLICATIONS
Hoe excavator
CUTTING
CUTTINGINSTRUMENT
INSTRUMENT
APPLICATIONS
APPLICATIONS
CUTTING
CUTTINGINSTRUMENT
INSTRUMENT
APPLICATIONS
APPLICATIONS
CUTTING
CUTTINGINSTRUMENT
INSTRUMENT
APPLICATIONS
APPLICATIONS
Spoon excavator
Its blades are slightly curved, the
shanks may be bin-angled or triple.angled to facilitate accessibility
Spoon excavators
discoid
the cutting edges.are circular
cleoid
the cutting edges.are claw like
CUTTING
CUTTINGINSTRUMENT
INSTRUMENT
APPLICATIONS
APPLICATIONS
binangled
spoon
tripleangled
spoon
CUTTING
CUTTINGINSTRUMENT
INSTRUMENT
APPLICATIONS
APPLICATIONS
Cleoid spoon
CUTTING
CUTTINGINSTRUMENT
INSTRUMENT
APPLICATIONS
APPLICATIONS
Discoid spoon
CUTTING
CUTTINGINSTRUMENT
INSTRUMENT
APPLICATIONS
APPLICATIONS
Chisels(2)
straight, slightly
curved, or bin-angle
enamel hatchets
gingival margin trimmers
CUTTING
CUTTINGINSTRUMENT
INSTRUMENT
APPLICATIONS
APPLICATIONS
straight, slightly
curved, or bin-angle
CUTTING
CUTTINGINSTRUMENT
INSTRUMENT
APPLICATIONS
APPLICATIONS
straight, slightly
curved, or bin-angle
CUTTING
CUTTINGINSTRUMENT
INSTRUMENT
APPLICATIONS
APPLICATIONS
straight, slightly
curved, or bin-angle
CUTTING
CUTTINGINSTRUMENT
INSTRUMENT
APPLICATIONS
APPLICATIONS
straight, slightly
curved, or bin-angle
CUTTING
CUTTINGINSTRUMENT
INSTRUMENT
APPLICATIONS
APPLICATIONS
straight, slightly
curved, or bin-angle
CUTTING
CUTTINGINSTRUMENT
INSTRUMENT
APPLICATIONS
APPLICATIONS
straight, slightly
curved, or bin-angle
CUTTING
CUTTINGINSTRUMENT
INSTRUMENT
APPLICATIONS
APPLICATIONS
CUTTING
CUTTINGINSTRUMENT
INSTRUMENT
APPLICATIONS
APPLICATIONS
enamel hatchet
It is a chisel similar in design to
the ordinary hatchet excavator
except that the blade is larger,
heavier, and is beveled on only one
side
It has its cutting edges in a plane
that is parallel with the axis of the
.handle
CUTTING
CUTTINGINSTRUMENT
INSTRUMENT
APPLICATIONS
APPLICATIONS
enamel hatchet
It is used for cutting enamel and
comes as right or left types for
use on opposite sides of the
.preparation
CUTTING
CUTTINGINSTRUMENT
INSTRUMENT
APPLICATIONS
APPLICATIONS
CUTTING
CUTTINGINSTRUMENT
INSTRUMENT
APPLICATIONS
APPLICATIONS
CUTTING
CUTTINGINSTRUMENT
INSTRUMENT
APPLICATIONS
APPLICATIONS
CUTTING
CUTTINGINSTRUMENT
INSTRUMENT
APPLICATIONS
APPLICATIONS
:Uses of GMT
Beveling of the gingival margins
.of proximoocclusal preparations
Beveling of the axiopulpal line
.angle
CUTTING
CUTTINGINSTRUMENT
INSTRUMENT
APPLICATIONS
APPLICATIONS
cutting
cutting instrument
instrument
sharpening
cutting
cutting instrument
instrument
sharpening
sharpening
Mechanical sharpener
pen grasp
Instrument
Instrument guards
guards
Cleaning
Cleaning and
and
Sterilization
Sterilization
Cleaning
Cleaning and
and
Sterilization
Sterilization
Cleaning
Hand Scrubbing
Ultrasonic
Cleaning
Automated
Washer
Hand Scrubbing-1
Advantages
Effective if performed properlyDisadvantages
.Increases chances for operator injuryIncreases spread of contamination.through splatter
.Labor-intensiveNeed proper care of scrub brush-
Ultrasonic Cleaning-2
Advantages
.Safer than hand scrubbingEffectively cleans all.instruments
Reduces chances for spread of
.contaminants through splatter
Allows
for more efficient useDisadvantages
of
staff time
Microorganisms
mayaccumulate in cleaning
.solution
Ultrasonic cleaning will notremove hardened Permanent
cement. (Solution: remove
Automated Washer-3
Advantages
.Safer than hand scrubbingReduces chances for spread of contaminants of .contaminants through splatter and aerosols
.Allows for more efficient use of staff time .Effectively cleans instruments Disadvantages
Not all instruments are compatible with automated .washers
Please see manufacturer's instructions for detailed .requirements
Sterilization
Steam pressure sterilization (autoclave)
Chemical vapor pressure sterilization
( chemiclave)
Dry heat sterilization (dryclave )
Ethylene oxide sterilization
Advantages of Autoclaves
Disadvantages of autoclaves
Items sensitive to the elevated temperature can not be
. autoclaved
Autoclaving tends to rust.carbon steel instruments
. Advantages of Chemiclaves
Carbon steel and other corrosion-sensitive burs, instruments, and
pliers are said to be sterilized
.without rust or corrosion
.Disadvantages of Chemiclaves
Items sensitive to the elevated. temperature will be damaged
Instruments must be lightly packaged inbags obtained from the sterilizer
.manufacturer
Towels and heavy cloth wrappings ofsurgical instruments may not be
.penetrated to provide sterilization
Routinely use biologic spore test-
BOILING WATER
Boiling water does not kill spores and*
cannot sterilize
instruments. However, heat can reach
and kill blood borne pathogens in places
that liquid sterilants and disinfectants
. used at room temperature cannot reach
Boiling is a method of high-level*
disinfection that has been used when
actual sterilization cannot be achieved
(e.g., in case of a sterilizer breakdown)
microwave oven
Ultraviolet light
Incomplete exposures of all surfaces andpoor penetration of oil and debris are other
.limitations
Ultraviolet irradiation may be useful forsanitizing room air to help control
.tuberculosis bacteria
dentist .
reflecting light onto desired
surfaces.
retraction of soft tissue.
. A. Carvers
After the amalgam is condensed, it
must then be carved to approximately
. the same original tooth structure
Carvers have sharp cutting edges that
are used to shape, form, or cut tooth
. anatomy into amalgam restorations
Carvers
.B. Burnishers
When the carving is complete, the
.dentist may use burnishers
used to
. smooth and polish the restoration
remove scratches left on the amalgam
. surface by a carving instrument
Burnishers
C. disposable brush