M.P.G.P.G.

COLLEGE
HARDOI

TOPIC OF PRESENTATION

ENZYMES
NAME
CLASS

SONAM SINGH
M.Sc. IInd Year

Cells & Enzymes

Made of protein

Present in
all living cells

Converts substrates
into products

Enzymes

Biological
catalysts
Increase the rate of
chemical reactions

Remain unchanged
by chemical reaction

Chemical Reactions
A chemical reaction takes place when one or
substances is chemically changed into one or more
different substances.
Chemical reactions take place in cells all the time.
Catalyst
Product

Substrate
Enzyme

Hydrogen
peroxide

Manganese
dioxide
Water + oxygen
Catalase

Catalysts
A catalyst is a substance which speeds up a chemical
reaction, without itself being changed by the
reaction.
1. When a catalyst is present, less energy is needed
to get the chemical reaction started.
2. When a catalyst is present, the speed of the
chemical reaction is faster.
3. Although a catalyst helps a chemical reaction to
happen, it is unchanged at the end of the reaction.

Biological Catalysts
The biological catalyst present in the cytoplasm of
plant and animal cells that speeds up the breakdown
of hydrogen peroxide is called CATALASE.

Hydrogen
peroxide
REACTANTS

catalase

Oxygen + water

enzyme
PRODUCTS

Lock & Key Hypothesis

An enzyme only acts on one type of substance, or substrate.
Therefore, the enzyme is said to be SPECIFIC to its one substrate.
The shape of the active site (binding site) of the enzyme, matches the
shape of the substrate. Allowing the two molecules to bind during the
chemical reaction.
This theory of enzyme action is called the lock-and-key hypothesis.

Nature of Enzymes
The biological catalyst present in the cytoplasm of
plant and animal cells that speeds up the breakdown
of hydrogen peroxide is called CATALASE.
Hydrogen
peroxide

Catalase
Water + oxygen

Catalase cannot speed up any other reaction. It is

SPECIFIC to this reaction.

Different enzymes for different jobs

Enzymes involved in breakdown reactions
Enzyme and substrate separate
Enzyme-substrate complex
Enzyme and products separate
Enzymes involved in synthesis reactions
Enzyme and substrates separate
Enzyme-substrates complex
Enzyme and product separate

Enzymes involved in breakdown reactions

Hydrogen peroxide
Starch
Fat
Protein

Catalase
Amylase
Lipase
Pepsin

Water + Oxygen
Maltose
Fatty acids + Glycerol
Amino acids

Factors affecting
Enzymes
substrate concentration
pH
temperature
inhibitors

Substrate concentration: Non-enzymic reactions

Reaction
velocity

Substrate concentration

The increase in velocity is proportional to

the substrate concentration

Substrate concentration: Enzymic reactions

Vmax
Reaction
velocity

Substrate concentration

Faster reaction but it reaches a saturation point

when all the enzyme molecules are occupied.

If you alter the concentration of the enzyme then
Vmax will change too.

The effect of pH
Extreme pH levels will produce denaturation
The structure of the enzyme is changed
The active site is distorted and the substrate

molecules will no longer fit in it

At pH values slightly different from the
enzymes optimum value, small changes in
the charges of the enzyme and its substrate
molecules will occur
This change in ionisation will affect the
binding of the substrate with the active site.

The effect of pH
Optimum pH values

Enzyme
activity

Trypsin

Pepsin

7
pH

11

The effect of
temperature
For most enzymes the optimum temperature

is about 30C
Many are a lot lower,
cold water fish will die at 30C because their
enzymes denature
A few bacteria have enzymes that can
withstand very high temperatures up to
100C
Most enzymes however are fully denatured
at 70C

The effect of
temperature
Q10

Enzyme
activity

1
0

Denaturation

2
3
4
5
0
0
0
0
Temperature / C

Inhibitors
Inhibitors are chemicals that reduce the rate

of enzymic reactions.
The are usually specific and they work at low
concentrations.
They block the enzyme but they do not
usually destroy it.
Many drugs and poisons are inhibitors of
enzymes in the nervous system.

Applications of
inhibitors
Negative feedback: end point or end

product inhibition
Poisons snake bite, plant alkaloids and nerve
gases.
Medicine antibiotics, sulphonamides,
sedatives and stimulants

Enzyme Summary
Enzyme

Substrate Product(s) Degradation

or synthesis?

Amylase

Starch

Maltose

Catalase

Hydrogen
peroxide

Oxygen and
water

Pepsin

Protein

Amino acids

Phosphorylase

Glucose-1phosphate

Starch

Lipase

Fat

Fatty acids