Temperature

Measurement

Imansyah Ibnu Hakim

Introduction
Historical development of temperature scales
Types of measurement devices

Thermometers
Thermocouples
Thermowells
Pyrometers

Instrumentation that may be associated with

temperature sensors

History of Temperature Scales

1596 - Galileo created first device
to measure temperature
1714 - Fahrenheit proposed first
standardized scale with 32oF for
water freezing and 212oF for
boiling water
1742 Celsius developed another
scale with 0C boiling and 100C as
freezing

History Continued
Boyle and Charles
developed a theoretical
instrument which led to the
theory of absolute zero
1848 - Kelvin created new
scale based on
thermodynamic Carnot
Cycle
1929 International
Temperature Scale (ITS-27)
was established.

Thermometers
What is it?
A device to measure
temperature by using
materials that change
in some way
Direct vs. Indirect
measurements

Background
First modern thermometer was
developed by Fahrenheit

Types of thermometers: Liquid in Glass

Capillary tube and
bulb filled with
mercury or alcohol
and then sealed so that
it can expand/contract
with temperature.

Types of thermometers: Bimetal

Based on the
temperature coefficient
of expansion
Different expansion
rates cause the material
to curve
Must be designed to
have linear rate of
curvature over desired
range.

Types of thermometers: Filled System

Work on pressure or
volume changes of gas
or changes in vapor
pressure of a liquid
Thermocouples and
RTD (Resistance
Temperature Detector)
are replacing these in
industry

Types of thermometers: Resistance (RTD)

Developed by Sir
Humphrey Davey in 1799
Uses relationship between
resistance of material and
temperature to measure
temperature
Common metals used are
Platinum, Nickel, or
Copper

By far the most common RTD's

used in industry have a nominal
resistance of 100 ohms at 0 C, and
are called Pt-100 sensors.
Ref. http://www.abb.com/product

RTD Measurement Circuits

Thermocouples
Background
Seebeck 1822 Current flow is proportional
to temperature difference
Peltier 1834 If battery inserted in the
circuit, flowing current will cause heat to be
absorbed & liberated
Thomson analyzed effect thermodynamically

Thermocouples
Two alloys joined at one
end and free at the other
At the open end, the emf
is a function of
temperature T1 at closed
end
As T rises, emf increases
T2 must be kept at a
standard temp (0C)

Thermocouples
Junction composition
does not affect
thermocouple action
T1 must be kept
constant throughout
the junction
Junction material must
be electrically
conductive

Thermocouples
Reading is not affected by
insertion of nonthermocouple alloys in
either lead
Temp at the ends of
inserted material must be
the same
Ability to work with
spurious materials allows
for use of specialized
devices, such as
thermocouple switches

Law of Successive
Thermocouples
First thermocouple has
T1 at hot end and T2
at open end
Second has hot end at
T2 and open end at T3
Emf between both,
V1+V2, equals V3
V3 same as if they
were combined

Advantages & Disadvantages

Thermocouple can be used over great
distances since emf is a function of T1only
These long leads can cause problems
There could be a break in the circuit or a
reversal of leads
Induced voltage from nearby A/C magnetic
field

Thermowells
A tube closed at one end
Used to provide an
isolation between a
temp. sensor and the
environment
Allows temp. sensor to
be removed or replaced
without compromising
ambient region or the
process

Thermowell Problems
Temp. gradient in wall can cause a gradient
in the well
Can heat the base of the thermowell or
insert at a point where wall and fluid temps.
are similar
Temperature of any sensor will not change
instantaneously has a response time

Pyrometer
Outline
What is a pyrometer?
Types of pyrometers
Pyrometer Applications

Instrumentation used with T sensors

What Is A Pyrometer?
Three definitions
Any instrument used for measuring high temperatures
by means of the radiation emitted by a hot object
A thermometer designed to measure high
temperatures
A device measuring the temperature of an object by
means of the quantity and character of the energy
which it radiates

There are two types of pyrometers

Optical Pyrometer
1892 introduced by Lechatelier, which it measured
radiation from dull red to white hot
Used for measuring kiln and furnace temperature

Today an optical pyrometer is used in which the

color of an electrically heated filament is matched
visually to that of the emitted radiation
Based on the principle of using the human eye to
match the brightness of the hot object to that
calibrated inside the instrument

Optical Pyrometer
Made from a small
magnifying optical device
Filters that reduce
wavelength to 0.65-0.66
Other filters reduce
intensity
These restrictions prevent
the device from measuring
object that are glowing
(700 C)

Radiation Pyrometer
Non-contact temperature
sensors measure
temperature from the
amount of thermal
electromagnetic radiation
received from a spot on
the object of measure
Measures the rate energy
emission per area unit

Applications
Moving Objects:
Rollers
Moving Machinery
Conveyer Belt

Rescues
Nursing Homes and Hospitals

Instrumentation used with T Sensors

Temperature Transmitters
Single Loop T controller
Datalogger
Final Control Devices

Instrumentation used with T Sensors

Temperature Transmitter(RTD): used to
convert a temperature reading into an
electrical current
Four wire, used when power input is separate
from signal transmitting
Two wire, uses DC power that supplies power
to the transmitter over same two wires that
transmit signal

Single loop T controller

Used to keep temperature
steady
An instrument that takes
the signal from a sensor,
compares it to a setpoint
signal, and adjusts the
output to the heating
device to maintain, as
close as possible,
equilibrium between the
measured temperature
and the setpoint
temperature.

Datalogger
Records temperature
over history of run
A digital way of keep
track of the
temperature changes in
a process over time
Battery Powered
equipped with a
microprocessor or data
storage (data recorder)

Final Control Devices

A device that takes the output from the
temperature control device and converts it
into heating or cooling production
Carries a high current due to the amount of
power needed to heat a large process
Controls the output better than a regular
temperature control due to the higher rangeability
They switch the power to the heating load
either full on or full off

Questions?

Sources:

http://www.wici.com/technical_info/articles/temp_prm/tmprmch1.htm
http://www.wici.com/technical_info/articles/temp_prm/temp_primer.htm