DISPERSI KASAR

(COARSE
DISPERSION)

OUTLINE

Definisi/ pengertian
Contoh sistem dispersi
Suspensi
Emulsi

SISTEM DISPERSI
Terdiri dari fase terdispersi (fase
diskontinyu) dan medium dispers
(fase kontinyu )
Dispersed = tersebar

PENGGOLONGAN SISTEM DISPERSI

Golongan

Sifat Sistem

Contoh

Dispersi
molekular
(< 1 nm)

Partikel tidak terlihat dalam mikroskop

Molekul
elektron, dapat melewati ultrafiltrasi dan
oksigen, ionmembran semipermeabel, bersifat homogen ion umumnya,
glukosa

Dispersi
koloid
(1 nm 0,5
m)

Partikel tidak dilihat oleh mikroskop biasa

tapi bisa dengan mikroskop elektron, dapat
melewati kertas saring tapi tidak dapat
melewati membran semipermeabel, bersifat
heterogen

Dispersi
polimer alam
dan polimer
sintetis

Dispersi
kasar
(> 0,5 m)

Partikel terlihat dibawah mikroskop, tidak

dapat melewati kertas saring normal,
bersifat heterogen

Butir-butir
pasir, emulsi
dan suspensi
farmasetik

SUSPENSI
Pengertian menurut FI V:
Suspensi adalah sediaan cair yang
mengandung partikel padat tidak larut yang
terdispersi dalam fase cair.
Meliputi: suspensi oral, suspensi topikal
(lotio), suspensi steril untuk injeksi (tidak
boleh untuk intravena ada yang siap
digunakan & harus direkonstitusi), suspensi
tetes telinga dan suspensi oftalmik (tetes
mata)

GIBS FREE ENERGY

Surface
Area
Surface Free Surface Tension
Energy (Gibbs) (Solid-Liquid)

Compute

if surface
is increased
10107 cm
SL =100 dyne/cm
THERMODINAMICAL
Y UNSTABLE

Compute if surface is increased

1010 7
G 1 = S L x A
= 100 X 10= 10 5 erg/cm
G 2 = S L x A
= 100 X 10 7 =10 9 erg/cm
G

21

10

erg/cm 10

erg/cm

SURFACE FREE ENERGY

BULK

THERMODINAMICAL
Y UNSTABLE

caking
Dispersion

SIFAT ANTAR MUKA

fl occulation or caking
determined by forces of attraction (van der Waals) versus
forces of repulsion (electrostatic)

defl occulated
repulsion> attraction
aff ected by [electrolytes]

fl occulated
attraction > repulsion

Electric Double Layer

tightly
bound
+
+
+
+
+
+

diffuse

+
+

gegenion
zetapotential
Nernstpotential

+
+
+

electroneutral
bulk

Electric Double Layer

Electroneutral solution
+

+
Surface
Surface charge
charge

Nernst potential
Zeta potential

Stern layer (fixed)

Nernst potential
potential difference between the
actual solid surface and the
electroneutral bulk

Zeta potential (-potential)

potential difference between the
tightly bound layer and the bulk
governs electrostatic force of
repulsion between solid particles
useful for predicting long-term

The DLVO theory is named

after Derjaguin, Landau,
Verwey, and Overbeek.
It is the explanation of
the stability of
suspension.
Describes the balance
between two forces,
electrostatic repulsion
and van der Waals
attraction.
10/31/16

Electrostatic repulsion
becomes significant

FORMULASI SUSPENSI
Resuspend easily upon shaking
Settle slowly after shaking
Homogeneous mix of drug
physically and chemically stable
during its shelf life
Sterile (parenteral, ocular)
Gets into syringe (parenteral,
ocular)

KARAKTERISTIK SUSPENSI

Deflocculated suspensionFlocculated suspension

NEED ANTI CAKING

AGENT

NEED FLOCULATING
AGENT

Controlled Flocculation
electrolytes

polymers

most widely used

reduce zeta potential
decrease force of repulsion
change pH
bridge formation

alcohol
reduction in zeta potential

surfactants
form adsorbed monolayers on
particle surface
efficacy is dependent on
charge, concentration

adsorb to particle surface

bridging
viscosity, thixotropy
protective colloid action
most effective

State

Rate of
settling

Sedimentatio
n volume

Nature

Flocculated

Fast

High

Porous, easy to
redisperse

Deflocculated

Slow

Low

Compact,
difficult to
redisperse

Desirable Features
Particles should settle slowly
Formulation should allow the

easy
redispersion of sedimented particles
A flocculated suspension is
desirable than a deflloculated
suspension
A suspension should not be too
viscous

STABILITAS FISIK SUSPENSI

The suspension shall
form loose networks of
flocks that settle rapidly,
do not form cakes and
are easy to resuspend.
Settling and aggregation
may result in formation
of cakes (suspension)
that is difficult to
resuspend or phase
separation (emulsion)

Cake & Flock must be Controlled

by Zeta Potensial, Viscosity and Particle Size

flock

cake

HUBUNGAN ZETA POTENSIAL, CAKING DAN VOLUME

SEDIMENTASI PADA SUSPENSI
The original solution has all
cations (positive charge)
and the zeta potential
(repulsive forces) is high
because there are so many
positive ions and not hardly
any negative.
As the concentration of
mono-phosphate potassium
increases, the zeta
potential goes down
because there are
becoming equal amounts of
negative and positive
charges. The sedimentation
curve is HIGH because the
sedimentation volume is

SEDIMENTASI

Stokes law:

d s - f)g
v=

Take care:
- Wetting particles (contact angle)
- Shape of the particles (compare: parachute)
- High particle concentration
- Non-Newtonian liquids (yield stress)
- Convection by differences in temperature

SEDIMENTATION VOLUME
F = Vu /V0 ;
ideally, F should be
equal to 1.0
F = volume sedimentasi
Vu = volume sedimen
(equilibrium)
V0 = volume total
suspensi

PENINGKATAN STABILITAS

Stokes law:

d s - f)g
v=

Decreasing particle size, d

Decreasing difference in density,
Increasing viscosity,

- f

KARAKTERISTIK SIFAT ALIR SUSPENDING

AGENT
Newton dan
Pseudoplastis

Combination for good

suspending medium
(ThixtotropyPseudoplatis)

Thank you

TUGAS DIKUMPULKAN
Kirim ke email: o.indrati@gmail.com
(maksimal 1 minggu dari sekarang)
Buatlah kelompok 4-5 orang dan
jawablah pertanyaan
1. Apa yang dimaksud dengan emulsi?
2. Apa yang terjadi apabila emulsi tidak
stabil?
3. Apa yang dimaksud dengan
coalescense?
4. Jelaskan tentang teori emulsifi kasi!