BIOSTATISTICS

NUR 3163

7/10/15
SR.MUZAITUL AKMA MUSTAPA
KAMAL BASHA

STATISTICS

The art and science of answering questions and exploring

ideas through the processes of:
gathering data
describing data and
making generalizations
about a population on the basis of a smaller sample.

POPULATION VS SAMPLE

Population: The entire set of possible

observations in which we are interested
Sample: A subset of the population from which
data is actually collected

Data: Pieces of information that may be used as the basis for

inference or reasoning
(Note: data is plural, datum is singular)
Parameter: A measure concerning a population (e.g., population
mean)- numerical characteristics
Statistic: A measure concerning a sample (e.g., sample mean)
Simple random sampling: A method of selecting a sample from a
population in which each member of the population has an equal
chance of being selected
Variable: Characteristic that is measured and can take on different
values (in other words, something that can vary)-can change
depending on conditions
Variability: The extent to which values differ from one another, also
referred to spread or dispersion
Descriptive statistics: Methods for summarizing data (e.g., mean,
median, mode, range, variance, graphs)
Inferential statistics: Methods for using sample data to make
conclusions about a population
Estimation: An inferential procedure in which sample data is used
to approximate a population parameter
Hypothesis testing: An inferential procedure in which a statement

STUDY DESIGN

Experimental study: A study in which the

researcher manipulates the treatments
received by subjects and collects data, also
known as a scientific study.
Observational study: A non-experimental
study in which the researcher collects data
without performing any manipulations.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

Experimental studies are typically preferred over

observational studies because they allow for more control.
A common problem with observational studies is that there
may be other variables impacting the results that the
researcher did not take into account.

PRINCIPLE OF
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

The design of a good experiment should be governed by three

basic principles: control, randomization, and replication.
Control group: A level of a factor that does not receive an
actual treatment, this group may receive no treatment, a
placebo, or they may receive the existing standard treatment
Placebo group: A group that receives what, to them, appears
to be a treatment, but in fact is neutral and does not contain
any actual treatment (e.g., a sugar pill in a medication study)
Randomization: Method for assigning subjects different
treatment groups based on chance (e.g., random number
generator, flipping a coin), also known as random assignment
Replication: Assigning numerous experimental units to each
treatment group

VARIABLE

Lurking variable: A variable that is not considered in a

research study that could influence the relations between
the variables in the study

Confounding variable: A variable that is considered in a

research study that could influence the relations between
the variables in the study

BIAS

A sample should be selected from a population randomly,

otherwise it may be prone to bias. Our goal is to obtain a
sample that is representative of the population.

Representative sample: A subset of the population from

which data is collected that accurately reflects the
population

Bias: The systematic favouring of certain outcomes

TYPE OF BIAS

Sampling bias: Systematic favouring of certain outcomes due to

the methods employed to obtain the sample
Non-response bias: Systematic favoring of certain outcomes that
occurs when the individuals who choose participate in a study
differ from the individuals who choose to not participate
Response bias: Systematic favoring of certain outcomes that
occurs when participants either do not respond truthfully or give
answer that they feel the researchers wants to hear
Selection bias: Systematic favoring of certain outcomes that
occurs when the sample that is selected does not reflect the
population of interest

SAMPLING METHOD PROBABILITY

To prevent sampling bias and obtain a representative

sample, a sample should be selected using a probabilitybased sampling design which gives each individual a known
chance of being selected.
Four common probability-based sampling schemes are:
1. Simple random sampling
2. Stratified random sampling
3. Cluster sampling
4. Multistage sampling

Simple Random Sampling (SRS): A method of obtaining

a sample from a population in which every member of the
population has an equal chance of being selected
Stratified Random Sampling: A method of obtaining a
sample from a population in which the population is divided
into important subgroups and then separate simple random
samples are drawn from each subgroup which are known as
strata

Cluster Sampling: A method of selecting a sample from a

population in which the population is divided into
subgroups (i.e., clusters) and a simple random sample of
clusters is taken; all individuals within these clusters may
be sampled, or a simple random sample may be taken from
the selected clusters
Multistage Sampling: A method for selecting a sample
from a population in multiple stages in which successively
smaller groups from the population are selected
Multistage sampling is a combination of other sampling
methods being used together.

SAMPLING METHOD- NONPROBABILITY

Convenient sampling
Consecutive sampling
Quota sampling
Snowball sampling
Purposive/judgemental sampling

WHEN TO USE NONPROBABILITY SAMPLING

METHOD

This type of sampling can be used when demonstrating that

a particular trait exists in the population.
It can also be used when the researcher aims to do
aqualitative,pilotor exploratory study.
It can be used when randomization is impossible like when
the population is almost limitless.
It can be used when the research does not aim to generate
results that will be used to
creategeneralizationspertaining to the entire population.
It is also useful when the researcher has limited budget,
time and workforce.
This technique can also be used in an initial study which
will be carried out again using a randomized, probability
sampling.

DATA COLLECTION

Data collection begins after deciding on design of the

study and the sampling strategies.
Sample subjects are identified and required individual
information is obtained in an item-wise and structured
manner.
Information is collected on certain characteristics,
attributes and the qualities of interest from samples.
These data may be quantitative or qualitative in nature.

TYPE OF DATA

Categorical: Names or labels (i.e., categories) with inconsistent

differences between groups
Nominal: Variable with categories that have no meaningful
order
Ordinal: Variable with categories that have a meaningful order
or ranking but the difference between those categories is not
consistent
Quantitative: Numerical values with magnitudes that can be
placed in a meaningful order with consistent intervals, also
known as numerical
Discrete: Data that can only take on set number of values
Continuous: Quantitative data that can take on any value
between the minimum and maximum, and any value between
two other values

STATISTICAL TESTQUALITATIVE

STATISTICAL TESTQUANTITATIVE

DATA MANAGEMENT

Data processing:

Categorising
Coding
Data entry
Validation

CATEGORICAL DATA
DISPLAYS

Frequency table

QUANTITATIVE DATA
DISPLAYS

Boxplot

HISTOGRAM

STEM-AND-LEAF PLOT

THANK YOU