INDUCTION

GENERATOR
FOR
WIND
POWER

OUTLINES

INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
WIND TURBINES
TERMINOLOGIES USED
WORKING
CONTROLLING
ADVANTAGES OF VARIABLE SPEED
GENERATION
WHY INDUCTION GENERATOR?
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF WIND
ENERGY
APPLICATIONS
CONCLUSION

INTRODUCTION
Wind

turbines convert the kinetic energy present

in the wind into mechanical energy by means of
producing torque.
Large scale wind power projects are an attractive
alternative to conventional capacity expansion.
In the present scenario , most wind turbine
manufacturers now equip power generating units
by induction generators.
They are operated either at fixed speed or
variable speed.
Generators driven by fixed speed turbines can
directly be connected to grid.
Variable speed generators need a power electronic
converter interface for interconnection with the
grid.
Variable speed generation is preferred over fixed
speed generation.

HISTORY
In 200 B.C., in ancient
Persia , the earliest
windmills were used to grind
grain.
These early devices
consisted of one or more
vertically-mounted wooden
beams , on the bottom of
which was a grindstone,
attached to a rotating shaft
that turned with the wind.
Starting in the 11th century
A.D. , European crusaders
brought the concept and
developed the DUTCH type
wind mill.

The first automatically

operating wind turbine for
electricity generation.
It was built by Charles F.
Brush in 1887-1888 in his
backyard.
Charless 60 foot , 80,000
pounds turbine supplied 12
kW power to 350
incandescent lights.
Its rotor was 17 meters in
diameter.

WIND TURBINES
Wind

turbines convert wind energy to electricity for

distribution.
Aerodynamic

modeling is used to determine the

optimum tower height, control systems, number of blades
and blade shape.
Wind

turbines are generally classified depending on

their axis of rotation as:

-Horizontal axis type,
-Vertical axis type.

The

horizontal axis types generally have better

performance.
A

quantitative measure of the wind power available at

any location is called Wind Power Density(WPD).
Commercial

wind farms generally produce a WPD of 400

watts/square meter.

HORIZONTAL AXIS WIND TURBINE

AALBORG-TURBINE

VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE

DARRIEUS-WINDMILL

 The ROTOR component : Its approx 20% of the wind

turbine cost, includes the blade for converting wind

energy to low speed rotational energy.
.

The GENERATOR component : Its approx 34% of the

wind turbine cost, includes electrical generator ,the
control electronics and a gearbox.
.

The STRUCTURAL component : Its approx 15% of the

wind turbine cost, includes the tower and yaw
mechanism.

TERMINOLOGIES USED
ANEMOMETER:

ITS A WIND DIRECTION SENSOR WITH DIGITAL

DISPLAY. USED IN AREAS WHERE AC POWER IS NOT AVAILABLE.
MONITORS WIND SPEED AND STORE MAX AND AVERAGE VALUE.

YAW SYSTEM: THEY PERFORM THE TASK OF ORIENTING THE

ROTOR IN THE DIRECTION OF WIND.

NACELLE: IT IS STRUCTURE THAT HOUSES ALL OF THE

GENERATING COMPONENTS LIKE-GEARBOX, ROTOR SHAFT AND

BRAKE ASSEMBLY ETC.

ROTOR BLADES: THE BLADES ARE THE SAILS OF THE SYSTEM ,

WHEN THE WIND FORCES THE BLADES TO MOVE , IT HAS
TRANSFERRED SOME
OF ITS ENERGY TO THE ROTOR.

SHAFT SYSTEM:

THE WIND TURBINE SHAFT IS CONNECTED TO THE CENTRE

OF THE ROTOR , WHEN THE ROTOR SPINS THE SHAFT SPINS AS WELL.THUS ROTOR
TRANSFERS ITS MECHANICAL ROTATIONAL ENERGY TO THE SHAFT.

WIND VANE:

USING IT.

SMALL TURBINES ARE POINTED INTO THE WIND BY

GEAR BOX: IT TURNS THE SLOW ROTATION OF THE BLADES INTO A

QUICKER
ROTATION THAT IS MORE SUITABLE TO DRIVE AN ELECTRICAL
GENERATOR

WORKING
Aeroturbines convert wind energy into rotary mechanical
energy.
A mechanical interface , consisting of a step up gear and a
suitable coupling transmits the energy to an electrical
generator.
The output of this generator is connected to the load or system
grid.
The controller senses the wind direction ,wind speed , power
output of the generator and other necessary performance
quantities of the system and initiates appropriate control
signals to take suitable corrective actions.
Several schemes for electrical generation have been
developed.
These schemes can be broadly classified under these
categories:
1. Constant speed generation system.
2. Variable speed generation system.

WIND
TURBINE
WIND

GEARING
AND
COUPLING

WT
WT

ELECTRICAL
GENERATOR

GC

EG
TO LOAD
UTILITY GRID

PITCH
CONTROL

YAW
CONTROL

SPEED

CONTROL
SIGNAL

GEN.
TEMP.

CONTROLLER

COMPONENTS OF WIND ELECTRIC SYSTEM

VARIABLE SPEED WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM

In variable speed systems, the turbines rotor absorbs the mechanical
power fluctuations by changing its speed.
So the output power curve is smoother which greatly enhances the
quality of power.
However ,since variable speed operation produces a variable
frequency voltage, a power electronic converter must be used to
connect to the constant frequency grid
It can be achieved by using:

WECS with Squirrel cage induction generator.

WECS with Wound rotor induction generator.
WECS with Doubly-fed induction generator.

WECS with Squirrel cage induction generator

In this set up the stator of the squirrel cage induction generator will be
connected to the grid by the means of back to back connected power
electronic converter bridges.
Since the power converter has to convert all the stator power, the converter
size depends on the stator power rating.
ADVANTAGE:
Ability to make the best use of available wind power.
It eliminates the need for a capacitor bank.
DISADVANTAGE:
Cost of power converter is high.

WECS with Wound rotor induction generator

The power converter size in the earlier system can be reduced by using it
on the rotor side of a wound rotor induction generator. Above fig shows a
variable speed system using a wound rotor generator. The power converter
is now connected between the rotor and grid , so it needs to carry only the
slip power.
ADVANTAGES:
For utility scale wind power generation it outweighs squirrel cage
machine.

WECS with DFIG

Double-fed induction machines can be operated as a generator as well as a

motor in both sub-synchronous and super-synchronous speeds, thus giving
four possible operating modes.
Only the two generating modes at sub-synchronous and super-synchronous
speeds are of interest for wind power generation.

BACK TO BACK CONNECTED POWER CONVERTER BRIDGES

Two power converter bridges connected back-to-back by means of a dc link can

accommodate the bidirectional rotor power flow in a DFIG.
The purpose of the grid side converter is to maintain the dc link voltage constant.
It has control over the active and reactive power transfer between the rotor and
the grid.
The rotor side converter is responsible for control of the flux, and thus, the stator
active and reactive powers .
ADVANTAGES:
Less cost of AC-AC converter.
Improved system efficiency.

WIND POWER DEVELOPED BY THE WIND TURBINE IS

GIVEN BY :
P=(Cp AV^3)/2
Where

Cp: Power coefficient

A: Area swept by rotor blades

: Air density
V: Velocity of wind

CONTROLLING
Induction generator control:

Cage rotor induction generators can be made to operate over a

wider speed range by pole changing or pole amplitude
modulating the main winding.

A Wound rotor induction generator can be controlled by varying

the slip energy of the rotor circuit using following methods :
rotor resistance control , cascading etc
A bank of capacitors connected to the terminals can be used.

Transmission control:

By using silicon controlled rectifier device.

Conduction period of electronic devices can be controlled by

applying delayed trigger pulses.

Load control:

Using switched load resistors stepwise load approximation can

be made .

Operation within the maximum current loading of the generator

can be set.

ADVANTAGES OF USING VARIABLE

SPEED GENERATION
Better

energy capture than fixed speed

generation.
Mechanical
Acoustic
Cost

stress reduction of turbine.

noise reduction.

effective and entirely feasible.

WHY INDUCTION GENERATOR?

Simple

and robust construction.

Can run independently.
Inexpensive.
Minimal maintenance.
Inherent overload protection.
At high speed, reduces size and weight of
machine(roughly 0.33m long, 0.5m diameter)
and filter components.

Wind turbine data

The wind turbine is a MOD 5 type with the following data

Nominal values
Turbine

1.8 MVA

Rated wind speed

7 m/s

Rotor radius

40 m

Rotor swept area

5026.548 m2

Air density

1.225 kg/m3

Gear box efficiency

0.979 pu

Gear ratio (machine/turbine)

120

ADVANTAGES OF WIND ENERGY

It

is a renewable source of energy.

Wind

power systems are non-polluting.

Wind

energy systems avoid fuel provision

and transport.
On

a small scale upto a few kilowatt system

is less costly.

DISADVANTAGES OF WIND ENERGY

Wind

energy available is fluctuating in

nature.
Wind

energy needs storage capacity

because of its irregularities.
Wind

energy systems are noisy in

operation.
Wind

power systems have a relatively high

overall

APPLICATIONS OF WIND ENERGY

In

various industrial process like: food processing,

textile processing , production of inorganic chemicals
like chlorine, bromine etc
Wind

powered pump can be used to desalinate water.

The

powerful turbines(50kW), are for operating

irrigation pumps , navigational signals and remote
communication.
In

aqueduct system , large scale wind driven units

can provide power for the pumping of water from the
main reservoir to auxiliary reservoir.

CONCLUSION
Wind

is one of the most flexible and tractable of all

energy sources, since the mechanical energy derived
directly from the wind can be readily and efficiently
converted to other forms of energy.
The

cost of power generation from wind farms has now

become lower than diesel power and comparable to
thermal power in several areas of our country especially
near the coasts.
Thus

Wind power can be used in centralized utility

applications to drive synchronous AC electrical
generators.