Cell Reproduction

Mitosis & Meiosis

http://biotech-adventure.okstate.edu/low/basics/mitosis/mitosis-diagram/diagram.gif
 Cell Cycle

http://www.bmb.psu.edu/courses/biotc489/notes/cycle.jpg
 Mitosis
• One type of cell division

Cell process in which the nucleus

divides to form two nuclei identical to
each other, and identical to the
original nucleus, in a series of steps
(prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and
telophase)
Mitosis allows for growth
and replaces worn out or
damaged cells.
 Interphase

• Period of growth & development

• Hereditary information (DNA)
copied (replicated / duplicated)
• Cells that do not divide (nerves)
are always in interphase
http://biotech-adventure.okstate.edu/low/basics/mitosis/phases/interphase/interphase.gif
 Prophase

•DNA begins to shorten & thicken

–Now called chromatids /
chromosomes
•Centromeres form
•Nuclear membrane breaks apart
•Spindle fibers form
http://biotech-adventure.okstate.edu/low/basics/mitosis/phases/prophase/prophase.gif
 Metaphase

•Chromatids / chromosomes
line up
•Centromere attaches to
spindle fibers
http://biotech-adventure.okstate.edu/low/basics/mitosis/phases/metaphase/metaphase.gif
 Anaphase
•Centromeres divide
•Spindle fibers shorten
•Chromatid pairs separate – move
to ends of cell
•Chromatids are now called
–Each ½ of the pair is now called a
chromosome
http://biotech-adventure.okstate.edu/low/basics/mitosis/phases/anaphase/anaphase.gif
 Telophase

•Spindle fibers disappear

•Chromosomes uncoil
•Nuclear membrane forms
•Cell divides (cytokinesis)
http://biotech-adventure.okstate.edu/low/basics/mitosis/phases/telophase/telophase.gif
 Interphase Prophase

                                                               
                                                           

Metaphase Anaphase

                                                               
                                                           

Telophase Interphase

                                                            
http://biology.nebrwesleyan.edu/benham/mitosis/  
                                                           
 Mitosis Animation

http://www.johnkyrk.com/mitosis.html
 Results of Mitosis
• Division of nucleus
–Nuclei are identical to each other
•Same number & type of chromosomes
 Asexual Reproduction

A type of reproduction - fission,

budding, and regeneration - in
which a new organism is produced
from one parent and has DNA
identical to the parent organism.
 Asexual Reproduction

• Offspring produced from one

organism
• Hereditary information is
identical
• Mitosis is one form of asexual
reproduction
Sexual Reproduction

Meiosis
Sexual Reproduction

A type of reproduction in which

two sex cells, usually an egg and
a sperm, join to form a zygote,
which will develop into a new
organism with a unique identity.
 Sexual reproduction
results in a great variety,
or diversity, of offspring.
 Meiosis
• The nucleus divides twice
– Meiosis I
– Meiosis II
http://biotech-adventure.okstate.edu/low/basics/meiosis/diagram/
 Interphase
• DNA is duplicated
 Prophase I

• DNA shorten & thicken

– Forms chromatids / chromosomes
http://biotech-adventure.okstate.edu/low/basics/meiosis/phases/prophase/leptotene/leptotene.gif
 Metaphase I
• Copied chromatids /
chromosomes line up in
middle of cell
• Centromeres attach to
spindle fibers
http://biotech-adventure.okstate.edu/low/basics/meiosis/phases/metaphase-I/metaphase-I.gif
 Anaphase I
• Chromatid pairs are pulled
apart
–They DO NOT separate
• Move to ends of cell
http://biotech-adventure.okstate.edu/low/basics/meiosis/phases/anaphase-I/anaphase-i.gif
 Telophase I
• Cell divides
• No further replication of
hereditary material
http://biotech-adventure.okstate.edu/low/basics/meiosis/phases/telophase-I/telophase-I.gif
 There are now two
cells. Both cells have
full sets of genetic
material
(chromosomes)
 Prophase II
• Similar to mitosis
–Starts with TWO cells instead
of one
•Spindle fibers appear
http://biotech-adventure.okstate.edu/low/basics/meiosis/phases/prophase-II/prophase-II.gif
 Metaphase II
• Duplicated chromatid /
chromosomes line up in
middle of cell
• Spindle fibers attach to
centromeres
http://biotech-adventure.okstate.edu/low/basics/meiosis/phases/metaphase-II/metaphase-II.gif
 Anaphase II
• Centromere divides
–Chromatids separate & move
to ends of cell
•Chromatids are now individual
chromosomes
http://biotech-adventure.okstate.edu/low/basics/meiosis/phases/anaphase-II/anaphase-II.gif
 Telophase II
• Spindle fibers disappear
• Nuclear membranes form at
each end of cell
• Cells divide
–Results in 4 cells
•Each with ½ the original number
of chromosomes
http://biotech-adventure.okstate.edu/low/basics/meiosis/phases/telophase-II/telophase-II.gif
 Meiosis Animation
http://www.johnkyrk.com/meiosis.html
 In summary:
Meiosis
• Two cells form during meiosis I
• In meiosis II, both of these cells
form two cells
• The two divisions of the nucleus
result in four sex cells (gametes)
• Each has one-half the number of
chromosomes in its nucleus that was
in the original nucleus