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Hinduism
Buddhism
Islamic Philosophy
Taoism
Confucianism
Zen Buddhism
The way of the Warrior- Samurai
Hinduism
Vedas
Vishnu
Hinduism
The term refers to the collect faiths that
originated in India.
Hinduism does not have a clear origin.
There is not one holy book or text.
There is not a single founder.
Shaivism
Shiva The supreme being
and creator of the
universe.
Parvati, Sakti- wife
Ganesha-child
Nandi- Bull
Saktism
Sakti- wife of Siva,
the female part of the
universe.
Destroyer or
destructive force in
this realm.
Vaisnavism
Vishnu- Is a
personal god.
Protector in this
realm
The Buddha was an
incarnation of the
God Vishnu
according to
Hindus.
Vedas
Those who know it,
do not speak it
Those who speak it,
do not know it.
Vedic Scriptures
Are writing that reveal the hidden nature
of reality.
The Vedas were the religious writings of
the Aryans, a nomadic people that invaded
India in the around 1500 B.C.
Hold the universe to be one, monism.
Samsara
Samsara- The cycle of birth and death.
Humans are basically good, but are
caught up in a cycle of desire of and
suffering that is a direct result of ignorance
and ego.
Humans are tormented by many desires.
Desire is the root of evil.
Karma
Karma- chain of causes & consequences
Actions we perform today can have
consequences for us far into the future
all of our actions will eventually have
consequences.
Nirvana
Nirvana- permanent liberation from life
Liberation from the cycle of samsara, we
cease to exist and become one with the
universe.
Buddhism
Buddha
Four Noble Truths
Eightfold Path
Buddhism
A philosophical tradition, founded by Gautama
Siddhartha Buddha in the fifth century b.c., that
took on various forms as a religion and spread
throughout Asia; It is a branch of Hinduism
Buddhism attempts to help the individual
conquer the suffering and mutability of human
existence through the elimination of desire and
ego and attainment of the state of nirvana.
Eightfold Path
Islamic Philosophy
Al-Kindi
Al-Farabi
Avicenna
Al-Ghazali
Averroes
Sufism
Mulla Sadra & Kabir
Neo-Platonism
A further development of Platonic
philosophy under the influence of
Aristotelian and Pythagorean philosophy
and Christian mysticism; it flourished
between the third and sixth centuries,
stressing a mystical intuition of the highest
One or God, a transcendent source of all
being.
Al-Kindi
A ninth-century Islamic
thinker, used Greek
ideas to define God as
an absolute and
transcendent being.
God created the world by
means of his will.
All of reality comes from
God.
Al-Farabi
A ninth-century Islamic philosopher,
posited the philosopher-prophet as the
one providing the necessary illumination
for his society.
Also claimed God to be Absolute Being,
and that God was the first cause.
He based this view on Aristotles argument
of the unmoved mover.
Avicenna
A tenth-century Islamic thinker, felt that
there is a parallelism between philosophy
and theology.
Arabian physician and philosopher, born in
980; died at Hamadan, in Northern Persia,
1037.
Avicenna was actually Persian, not
Arabian.
Speculative Philosophy
Speculative philosophy is divided into the
inferior science physics, and middle
science (mathematics), and the superior
science (metaphysics including theology).
Practical philosophy
Practical philosophy is divided into ethics
(which considers man as an individual);
economics (which considers man as a
member of domestic society); and politics
(which considers man as a member of civil
society).
Conceptualist
A favourite principle of Avicenna, which is
quoted not only by Averroes was
intellectus in formis agit universalitatem,
that is, the universality of our ideas is the
result of the activity of the mind itself.
Avicenna is a conceptualist. The mind
makes ideas real.
Al-Ghazali
A late eleventh-century and early-twelfthcentury Islamic philosopher, attacked
Avicenna regarding the eternity of the
world and the reduction of religious law to
a mere symbol of higher truths.
Averros
Arabian philosopher, astronomer, and
writer on jurisprudence; born in 1126; died
at Morocco, 1198.
A twelfth-century Islamic thinker, was
thought of as holding two separate truths,
that of religion and that of philosophy.
Sufism
Represents a mystical, theosophical, and
ascetic strain of Muslim belief that seeks
union with God (Allah).
Mulla Sadra
A late sixteenth- and early-seventeenthcentury thinker who was influenced by the
mystical tendencies in Neo-Platonism,
sought a return to the first principle of
being.
Kabir
A late-fifteenth- and early-sixteenthcentury Indian poet, was considered one
of the great mystical poets in the tradition
of Sufism.
Taoism
Lao Tzu
Chuang Tzu
Sun Tzu
Lieh Tzu
Yin and Yang
Tao
Taoism is based on the idea that behind
all material things and all the change in
the world lies one fundamental, universal
principle: the Way or Tao.
Tao Continued
This principle gives rise to all existence
and governs everything, all change and all
life. Behind the bewildering multiplicity and
contradictions of the world lies a single
unity, the Tao. The purpose of human life,
then, is to live life according to the Tao,
which requires passivity, calm, non-striving
(wu wei ), humility, and lack of planning,
for to plan is to go against the Tao.
Lao Tzu
Founder of Taoism,
held that the Tao is
ineffable and beyond
our ability to alter. He
emphasized the
importance of
effortless nonstriving.
Tao Te Ching
The whole world recognizes the beautiful
as the beautiful, yet this is the ugly; the
whole world recognizes the good as the
good, yet this is bad.
Thus Something and Nothing produce
each other.
The difficult and the easy complement
each other
Seek peace
Lao Tzu believed that human life, like everything
else in the universe, is constantly influenced by
outside forces.
He believed "simplicity" to be the key to truth and
freedom.
Lao Tzu encouraged his followers to observe,
and seek to understand the laws of nature; to
develop intuition and build up personal power;
and to use that power to lead life with love, and
without force.
The way
Look, it cannot be seen - it is beyond form.
Listen, it cannot be heard - it is beyond
sound.
Grasp, it cannot be held - it is intangible.
These three are indefinable, they are one.
From above it is not bright;
Chuang Tzu
The most important Taoist after Lao Tzu
and stressed the equality of opposites and
the danger of usefulness.
Sun Tzu
Sun Tzu A sixth-century B.C. Taoist philosopher
and general, applied Taoist philosophy to military
strategy.
Some scholars have concluded that Sun Tzu's
work was actually authored by unknown Chinese
philosophers and that Sun Tzu did not actually
exist as a historical figure. There is more
evidence to support this theory than the
traditional one of Sun Tzu as an individual
historical figure.
Lieh Tzu
Lieh Tzu was born around 450 B.C. As for
the events of his lifetime, his trade etc. we know nothing.
Wrote book: The Perfect Emptiness
5 agents or causes
The yin and yang accomplish changes in the
universe through the five material agents, or wu
hsing , which both produce one another and
overcome one another. All change in the
universe can be explained by the workings of yin
and yang and the progress of the five material
agents as they either produce one another or
overcome one another. Yin-yang and the five
agents explain all events within the universe..
Everything is explained
All phenomena can be understood using
yin-yang and the five agents: the
movements of the stars, the workings of
the body, the nature of foods, the qualities
of music, the ethical qualities of humans,
the progress of time, the operations of
government, and even the nature of
historical change.
Cyclical existence
This production of yin from yang and yang from
yin occurs cyclically and constantly, so that no
one principle continually dominates the other or
determines the other. All opposites that one
experienceshealth and sickness, wealth and
poverty, power and submissioncan be
explained in reference to the temporary
dominance of one principle over the other. Since
no one principle dominates eternally, that means
that all conditions are subject to change into
their opposites.
Confucianism
Confucius
Mencius
Confucius
Founder of the most dominant system of
Chinese thought, emphasized the perfectibility of
people as well as their ability to affect things for
the better.
Confucius himself had a simple moral and
political teaching: to love others; to honor one's
parents; to do what is right instead of what is of
advantage; to practice "reciprocity," i.e. "don't do
to others what you would not want yourself"; to
rule by moral example instead of by force and
violence; and so forth.
Self Control
Confucius thought that government by
laws and punishments could keep people
in line, but government by example of
virtue and good manners would enable
them to control themselves (Analects II:3).
"The way the wind blows, that's the way
the grass bends" (Analects XII:19).
Mencius
A Confucian thinker second in importance to
Confucius.
One cannot discuss Confucianism without at
least mentioning the man the Chinese call "The
Second Sage," Meng Tzu, or, in Latinized form,
Mencius (372-289 B.C.) Mencius, like
Confucius, concerned himself entirely with
political theory and political practice; he spent
his life bouncing from one feudal court to
another trying to find some ruler who would
follow his teachings.
Radical Thinker
Mencius several times throughout
Chinese history has been regarded as a
potentially "dangerous" author, leading at
times to outright banning of his book. This
is because Mencius developed a very
early form of what was to be called in
modern times the "social contract."
Zen Buddhism
Zen
Chan
Hui Neng
Murasaki Shikibu
Dogen Kigen
Samurai
Zen
A form of Buddhism that reached its zenith
in China and later developed in Japan,
Korea, and the West; its name (Chinese
Ch'an, Japanese Zen) derives from the
Sanskrit dhyana (meditation).
In early China, the central tenet of Zen
Buddhism was meditation rather than
adherence to a particular scripture.
Chan
Chinese Zen Buddhism.
Hui Neng
Sixth patriarch of Chinese Zen,
emphasized the oneness of all things.
Murasaki Shikibu
An influential Japanese Mahayana
Buddhist philosopher of the late tenth and
early eleventh centuries, held that women
were responsible moral agents who were
capable of enlightenment and could
influence their destines, reach nirvana,
and achieve salvation.
Dogen Kigen
A Japanese Zen monk, stressed the
importance of acquiring the perspective of
the universal Self, given the
impermanence of life.
Samurai
Miyamoto Musashi
Yamamoto Tsunetomo
Samurai writers who helped record and
preserve samurai ideals of preparedness;
indifference to pain, death, and material
possessions, wisdom, and courage.
Bushido
The way or ethic of the samurai warrior,
based on service and demanding rigorous
training, usually both in the military and
literary arts.