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variolation
Edward Jenner(1749
1823)
Louis Pasteur,18221893
Microbiologist,
France
Bacteriologist, Germany
Elie Metchnikoff
(1845~1916)
Lymphocytes(T,
B)
NK cell
eosinoph
il
Dendritic cell
Monocyte/macrop
hage
basophil
Mast cell
Immunocytes
neutrophil
erythrocyt platel
e
et
Immune Response
The whole process including antigen
recognition and antigen elimination .
1 Innate Immune Response non-specific, inborn
barrier
phagocytosis
normal humor component
2 Adaptive Immune Response specific, acquired
humor immunity
cell immunity
mucosa local immunity
adaptive immunity
Stimulated by antigen
Non-specific (respond
generally
Engulfment
IgG-opsonized
particle
FcR
pseudopods
target
Phagocyte
30s
target
Phagocyte
Extension of pseudopods
around the target
3 minutes
Engulfment
Complement Receptor
Complement-opsonized
particle
Phase contrast
target
No pseudopods
Sinking of target
into phagocyte
Staining for CR
CR surrounds the
phagocytosed
particle.
Maturation of Phagosomes
phagocytosis
receptor
Endocytosis
receptor
Clathrin-coated pit
Actin polymerization
phagosome
endosomes
Hydrolytic enzymes
lysosomes
Phagolysosome
BCG introduced in
1921
Previous Lesson
Todays Lesson
Individuality and
Cloning
Overview of Lesson
Basics of genetics
Humans as unique individuals
Identical twins
Cloning of Dolly
Human cloning
Two Brothers
Matt:
Biology
Fishing
Hunting
Bryan:
Religion
Philosophy
Computers
Karyotype
Half of the
chromosomes are
from the mother and
half are from the
father
Widows
peak
allele
Gene
for
hairline
Straight
hair
allele
Straight Hairline
(w) is a recessive
allele
http://images.google.co
Overview of Lesson
Basics of genetics
Humans as unique individuals
Identical twins
Cloning of Dolly
Human cloning
Overview of Lesson
Basics of genetics
Humans as unique individuals
Identical twins
Cloning of Dolly
Human cloning
Identical Twins
Identical chromosomes (DNA)
Identical proteins
Very similar appearances
Identical Twins
http://images.google.com/
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BkKWApOA
Overview of Lesson
Basics of genetics
Humans as unique individuals
Identical twins
Cloning of Dolly
Human cloning
What is cloning?
Taking an adult (fully differentiated)
cell, and restarting its genetic program
and protein synthesis
(as if it were a fertilized egg)
Born in Scotland,
Dolly was the
first mammal to be
cloned (1997)
This showed that
DNA in adult cells
can be re-started
Ethical
Issue
of the Day #2
Stem Cells
clone
donor
Cloning of Dolly
Cloning of Livestock
Sheep
Goats
Mice
Cows
Pigs
U.S. News and World Report, March 27,
2000
U.S. News and World Report, December 21,1998
Overview of Lesson
Basics of genetics
Humans as unique individuals
Identical twins
Cloning of Dolly
Human cloning
Next Lesson
Signature Program:
Reproductive Sciences
Graduate Students
Carrie Hanna
Jie Liu
Arantza Lassala
Jessica EppleFarmer
Abigail Casillo
Lara Charles
Beth Kidd-White
Suzanne Mengas
James Williams
Affiliations
Interdisciplinary Faculty of Reproductive
Biology (IFRB)
42 Members, 4 Colleges
11 CVM, 6 Joint Appointments in CVM
Center for Genomics and Biotechnology
Nucleus Transfer
Collecting and storing nucleus
donor cells
Surgical procedure
Live animal
Post mortem
Culturing cells
Cryopreservation (freezing) of cells
The Technology
Preparing nuclei for transfer
In vivo matured
In vitro matured
The Technology
Micromanipulation
Nucleus Transfer
Enucleating ova
(removing the
nucleus)
The Technology
The Technology
The Technology
The Technology
Cell fusion
Cell Fusion
Cell Fusion
The Technology
Alternative Method
Intracytoplasmic
nucleus injection
The Technology
DNA Reprogramming
Methylation
Demethylation
The Technology
Activation
Electrical
Chemical
Insitol 1,4, 5-triphosphate
Ionomycin + b-dimethylaminopurine
Examples of Clones
Second Chance
21 year-old Brahman Bull
Examples of Clones
86 Squared
Brucellosis
resistant bull
Tissue frozen
for 15 years
Examples of Clones
Examples of Clones
CC The first
cloned cat
Progenit
or
Objective:
To re-establish and extinct strain of
hemophilic sheep from 6 straws of frozen
semen
Work done at U.N.-Reno (mobile lab)
Rehearsal Experiment
Procedures
MOET
MOET+NTC
IVF
ICSI
NTC
Transfers
4
4
3
2
2
15
Pregnancies
3
2
0
0
0
5
First Experiment
Procedures
MOET
IVF
ICSI
NTC
Transfers
0
0
17
2
19
Pregnancies
0
0
11
0
11
Research Projects
Somatic cell nucleus transfer in the
canine. Texas Heart Institute. $72,721. P.I.
D.C. Kraemer, 2004-2005
Canine Cloning
9 bitches
Procedure
Oocyte collection and in vitro
maturation (IVM)
Results to Date
IVM- collected average 64 MI and MII
Transfer average 36 couplets
No full term pregnancies so far
http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/olc/dl/120078/micro10.swf
All
hybrids
1/2 old:
1/2 new
1/4 old:
3/4 new
1/2 hybids:
1/2 new
All
hybrids
The actual
data!
DNA Synthesis:
1. requires a DNA template and a primer with a 3 OH end.
(DNA synthesis cannot initiate de novo)
2. requires dNTPs.
3. occurs in a 5 to 3 direction.
SRY gene on the Y chromosome was identified as the gene that codes
for TDF:
SRY is translocated to X in rare XX males
SRY is absent from Y in rare XY females
Aneuploidy: 2n + or - chromosomes
Monosomy: 2n - 1
Trisomy: 2n + 1
Euploidy: multiples of n
Diploidy: 2n
Triploidy: 3n
Tetraploidy: 4n
Nondisjunction of X chromosome
Partial Monosomy:
Cri-du-chat Syndrome (46, -5p)
Trisomy:
Down Syndrome (47, +21)
Other trisomies:
Patau Syndrome (47, +13)
Cellular Component
where a gene product acts
Jane
Cellular Component
Jane
Cellular Component
Jane
,
;
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,
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http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/genetic-engin/pcr2484.JPG
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