Basic MATLAB

matrices
operators
script and function files
flow control
plotting

Basic MATLAB

optional windows
workspace
current directory

type commands here

command window

screen shot of the Matlab window

Matlabs help features

type help at the command prompt

and Matlab returns a list of help topics

Matlabs help features

>> help lang

Matlabs language constructs

Matlabs help features

>> help for

how to use Matlabs for statement

MATLAB Variables

all variables are stored in 32bit floating point format

no distinction between real and integer
>>a = 3;

same assignment for a

>>a = 3.0;
Matlab is case sensitive
>>A=3;
>>a=2;

Aa

MATLAB Variables
can use numbers and underscore in variable names
>>case34=6.45;

OK

>>case_34=6.45;
names must start with a letter
>>34case=23.45;

results in a syntax error

string (text) variables enclosed in single quotes.

The variable is stored as array of characters
>>title=This is the title;

MATLAB Variables
if a variable is defined,
typing the variable name returns its value
>>a=45.57;
>>a
a=
45.57

Matlab returns the value

to clear a variable from memory

>>a=4
>>clear a

MATLAB Variables
Matlab will echo commands unless a semi-colon is used
>>a=23.2;
>>

>>a=23.2
a=
23.2
>>

Matlab echoes the command

MATLAB Variables
Vectors
column vectors
1

a 2
3

>>a=[1;2;3];
>>a
a=
1
2
3
use semi-colon
to separate rows

row vectors
a 1 2 3
>>a=[1,2,3];
>>a
a=
1 2 3

use comma
to separate columns

MATLAB Variables
Matrices
2-dimensional matrices

1 2 3
a

4
5
6

>>a=[1,2,3;4,5,6];
>>a
a=
1 2 3
4 5 6

again, separate columns with commas and rows with semi-colons

MATLAB Variables
Indexing Matrix elements
A vector is a special type of matrix
row vector is a 1 x n matrix, 1 row n columns
column vector is a n x 1 matrix, n rows 1 column
>>a=[1,2,3];
>>a(2)
ans =
2

could also reference by a(1,2)

note, a(2,1) would produce an error
because a only has one row

MATLAB Variables
Indexing Matrix elements
more examples
1 2 3
a

4
5
6

addressing
>>a(2,3)
ans =
6

>>a=[1,2,3;4,5,6];

assigning
>>a(2,2)=9;
>>a
a=
1 2 3
4 9 6

MATLAB Variables
complex-valued numbers
Typically, the variable i or j is used to represent the
complex variable; e.g.
i 1

Then, a complex number is represented as

z = a + ib

Re(z) = a
Im(z) = b

MATLAB Variables
complex-valued numbers
Unless i or j has been previously defined, Matlab assigns
i and j the complex variable value
In Matlab, a complex variable is represented in the
following format
(assuming all variables are cleared)
>>z=23+i*56;
>>z
z=
23.00 + 56.00i

>>z=23+j*56;
>>z
z=
23.00 + 56.00i

Matlab always uses the symbol i to represent a complex number

MATLAB Variables
complex-valued numbers

What happens in this case?

>>i=3;
>> z=23+i*56;
>>z
z=

What happens in this case?

>>a=sqrt(-1);
>>z=23+a*56;
>>z
z=

MATLAB Variables
complex-valued numbers
Note, a real-valued number is a special case of a
complex-valued number
assigning any element of a matrix as complex-valued
makes the entire matrix complex-valued
>>a=[1,2];
>>a
a=
1 2

>>a(1)=1+i*5;
>>a
a=
1.00+5.00i

2.00+0.00i

MATLAB Variables
Advanced data types
n-dimensional arrays
structures
cell arrays

MATLAB Operations
Basic operations
addition
subtraction
multiplication
division
right division
left division
>>a=3;b=4;
>>c1=a/b;
>>c2=a\b;

+
*
/
\

c1=0.75
c2=1.3333.

MATLAB Operations
Mixed Real and Complex valued Variables
if both variables are real-valued, a real-valued result is obtained
if one variable is complex-valued, Matlab recasts the real
variable as complex and then performs the operation. The
result is complex-valued
however, the type casting is done internally, the real-valued
variable remains real after the operation

MATLAB Operations
Other (Scalar) Operations
Math representation
z yx

Matlab interpretation
>>z=y^x;

y ex

>>y=exp(x);

y ln(x)

>>y=log(x);

y log(x)

>>y=log10(x)

y sin(x) y sin 1 (x)

>>y=sin(x);

>>y=asin(x);

y cos(x) y cos 1 (x)

>>y=cos(x);

>>y=acos(x);

y tan(x) y tan 1 (x)

>>y=tan(x);

>>y=atan(x);

MATLAB Operations
Examples

y x

>>y=x^0.5;
>>y=x^(1/2);
>>y=sqrt(x);

All variables in the preceding operations can be

real or complex, negative or positive
for x < 0, y is complex. Matlab assumes you allow complex
valued numbers. If y is not to be complex, you must
provide error checking.

MATLAB Operations
Matrices
Only matrices of the same dimension can be added and subtracted
For multiplication, the inner dimensions must be the same
1 2 3
A

4
5
6

2 3 4
B

5
6
7

Error

No error
>>D=A+B;
>>D=AB;
>>D=A*C;
>>D=C*A;

4 5
C 6 7

8 9

Matrix multiplication
not commutative

>>D=A+C;
>>D=A*B;
>>D=B*A;

MATLAB Operations
Left(\) and Right(/) Matrix division

Math representation

Matlab interpretation

C A 1B

>>C=A\B;

C BA 1

>>C=B/A;

Remember, A must be square and full rank

(linearly independent rows/columns)

MATLAB Operations
Matrix Transpose
Math representation
C AT

Matlab interpretation
>>C=A;

For complex-valued matrices, complex conjugate transpose

1 2 3
A

4
5
6

a 1 j2 3 j4

>>B=A;

>>b=a;

1 4
B 2 5

3 6

1 j2
b

j4

MATLAB m-files
Two types of m-files
script files
collection of commands that Matlab executes
when the script is run

function files
collection of commands which together
represent a function, a procedure or a method

Both types are separate files with a .m extension

MATLAB m-files
To create an m-file, open the Matlab text editor

Click on the page icon

The Matlab text editor window will open

MATLAB m-files
Script Files
On the command line

In the script file named test.m

>>x=3.0;
>>y=x^2;
>>y
y=
9.0
>>
On the command line
>>test
y=
9.0
>>

MATLAB m-files
Script Files
script files share the workspace memory

>>x=5.0;
>>test
>>y
y=
25.0
>>

test.m script

MATLAB m-files
Script Files
script files can call other script files
inner.m script

>>outter
y=
36.0
>>

outter.m script

MATLAB m-files
Function Files
Matlab identifies function files from script files by
using the function and return keywords

the name of the function file must be

the same name as the function

MATLAB m-files
Function Files
The function file x2.m

>>r=3;
>>d=x2(r);
>>d
d=
9.0
>>

>>h=x2(4.2);
>>h
h=
17.64
>>

MATLAB m-files
Function Files
Multiple Inputs and Outputs

outputs in square brackets, [ ]

inputs in parentheses ( )

MATLAB m-files
Function Files
variables created in the function are not retained
in the workspace, except for the output variables

the function does not have access to workspace

variables, except for the inputs

variables passed to the function are copies of the

workspace variables. Changing their value inside the
function has no effect on their value in the workspace.

MATLAB Flow Control

The while and if statements
while expression
statements
end

if expression
statements
end

if expression
statements1
else
statements2
end

Matlab evaluates expression as logical true or false

false equivalent to zero
true equivalent to any non-zero number
statements, any valid Matlab command

MATLAB Flow Control

evaluating expression
any valid equation
a=4;
b=5;
c=5;
ifa+b True
ifbc False
watch out for round-off
and word length error
ifsin(0) False
ifsin(pi) True
sin(pi)=1.22e16

conditional operators
==equal to
<less than
>greater than
<=less than or equal to
>=greater than or equal to
~=not equal to
logical operators
&and
|or
while(3<=a)&(a<=5)

MATLAB Flow Control

The for statement
for index = start : [increment :] end
statements
end
index, start, increment, and end do not need to be integer valued
increment is optional, if increment is not specified
increment defaults to 1
index can be incremented positive (increment > 0) or
negative (increment < 0)
loop stops when index > end (or index < end)

MATLAB Flow Control

example

script file to cycle through x values

function file to generate the y values

MATLAB Plotting
Basic 2D plotting functions
plot(x1,y1[,x2,y2,x3,y3.....])
xlabel(xaxisname)
ylabel(yaxisname)
title(graphname)

Additional functions
gridon
gridoff
axis([xmin,xmax,ymin,ymax])

MATLAB Plotting
example y = sin(t)

the plot function alone

MATLAB Plotting
example y = sin(t)

script file to generate

a graph of y = sin(t)

MATLAB Plotting
example y = sin(t)

function file to generate

a graph of y = sin(t)
>>graphsin
>>

MATLAB Plotting
Adding a Legend for multiple graphs

legend remembers
the order the graphs
were plotted

List of Experiments
MATLAB Programming:

1. Basic programs
---- Average of the 10 numbers
---- Finding the roots of a given Equation
---- Generation of cosine and square wave
2. Formation of Bus admittance matrix for a given bus data.
---- With Shunt Admittances
---- With Tap changing Transformer between the buses
3. Find the Bus voltages of a given bus data using Gauss-siedel method.
4. Find the Bus voltages of a given bus data using Newton- Raphson method

Introduction
to
MATLAB SIMULINK

Basics of MATLAB Simulink

state-space models (1st order ordinary diff eqns)

setting integration properties
setting initial conditions
input types
getting data to the workspace

Simulink Basics

click the Simulink button

the Simulink window

Simulink Basics

click the new button

create a new model or

open an existing one

the simulink model window

Simulink Example
Best thing to do is to go through an example

2nd order, constant coefficient, linear differential equation

&
y& c1y& c0 y b0f (t)

Response to a step command

Simulink Example
Get an equivalent block diagram for the system
use mouse to drag blocks into
the model window and to
connect blocks with arrows

use integrators to get dy/dt and y

Simulink Example

add gain and summer blocks

Simulink Example
add the step input block

Simulink Example

add the output block

Simulink Example
Now, double click the blocks to open and set the blocks parameters
set gain value

set initial condition

set variable name

set output format to array

Simulink Example
To set the simulation parameters.

select Simulation -> Simulation Parameters

set Start and Stop time (in seconds)

set numerical integration type

Simulink Example
Time to run the simulation
click the run button to begin the simulation

when the simulation is complete, Ready appears at the bottom

Simulink Example

Simulink will automatically save a variable named tout to

the workspace.
This variable contains the time values used in the simulation,
important for variable time integration types
Simulink also will create the output variable(s) you specified

Simulink Example
>>plot(tout,yoft)
graph of the step response

Simulink Example
Another approach to solving the 2nd order single DOF
problem, is to cast it as a 1st order 2 DOF problem
x1 y
x 2 y&

x&1 x 2
x&2 bo f c1x 2 co x1

In Matrix (or State Space) form. x& Ax Bu

y Cx
x1
x
x 2

0
A
c o

uf

C 1 0

1
c1

0
B
bo

Simulink Example
1st Order State-Space Models

Simulink Example
Multi Input Multi Output Systems
use Mux and Demux blocks to combine and extract vector signals

specify number of signals

Simulation lab observation

Objective: To study the operation.
Software used:
Circuit Diagram/ Program *:
Theory***:
Procedure:
Model Calculations:
Model Graphs **:
Report:
Conclusion:
(* for the programming -- Flowchart, Algorithm, has to be written)
(** graphs have to drawn in the graph sheets for executing the problem)
(***included while writing the record only)

List of Experiments
MATLAB Simulink:
1.Design a Half wave rectifier with Resistive load using Diodes and Thyristors
2. Design a Full wave rectifier with Resistive load using Diodes and Thyristors
3. Conduct an Open Circuit and Short circuit test on a Single phase Transformer
4. Build a Single phase and Three phase Transmission line (Pi line).