Evolution of

Telecommunication
Rohan Sripad
Prasanna Raghavan P

0G
1G technologies
2G technologies
Circuit and Packet Switching.
3GPP & 3GPP2

Services offered by 3G
Deployment Problems
3G in India & its delay
4G

Transition
2.5G technologies
2.75G technologies
3G technologies
An interim 3.5G

0G
1G technologies
2G technologies
Circuit and Packet Switching.
3GPP & 3GPP2

Services offered by 3G
Deployment Problems
3G in India & its delay
4G

Transition
2.5G technologies
2.75G technologies
3G technologies
An interim 3.5G

0G
1G technologies
2G technologies
Circuit and Packet Switching.
3GPP & 3GPP2
Transition
2.5G technologies
2.75G technologies
3G technologies
An interim 3.5G

Services offered by 3G
Deployment Problems
3G in India & its delay
4G

ORIGIN of Wireless Communication

1864

James

1886

Maxwell

Rudolph

Predicts existence of radio

waves.

Hertz

Demonstrates radio waves.

1895-1901

Guglielmo

Marconi

Demonstrates wireless communications over increasing distances

1924

0G

1980s

Analog Voice

1G
AMPS

Typical 2.4 Kbps

NMT

TACS

1G
Advanced Mobile Phone Services (AMPS)
Deployed in US , Japan : 1983

Nordic Mobile Telephony (NMT)

Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Finland : 1981
Total Access Communication System (TACS)
British System, similar to AMPS : 1985

1990s

Digital Voice

2G
GSM

9.6 - 14.4 Kbps (circuit data)

TDMA

CDMA

2G GSM
Global system for Mobile
Based on TDMA ; Europe
900 Mhz, 1800 Mhz.
Later 850 Mhz and 1900 Mhz in Americas
Quad Band ; World Phones

2G - CDMA
Code Division Multiple Access
cdmaOne or IS-95
All users use same freq band ; 800 Mhz
Major success in Korea, Used by Verizon and Sprint
Easy Migration to 3G

Circuit Switching

Dedicated end to end connection

A private road all for yourself

Packet Switching

Divided packets can take different paths and times

A shared highway

114 Kbps

GPRS
384 Kbps

EDGE

3GPP

1.92 Mbps

WCDMA

100 Mbps

LTE

14 Mbps

HSPA

 HSPA.docx

114 Kbps

1xRTT

3GPP2
2.4 Mbps

EV-DO

288 Mbps

UMB
(abandoned 2008 Nov & favoring LTE)

0G
1G technologies
2G technologies
Circuit and Packet Switching.
3GPP & 3GPP2

Services offered by 3G
Deployment Problems
3G in India & its delay
4G

Transition
2.5G technologies
2.75G technologies
3G technologies
An interim 3.5G

2001

2.5G
GPRS

Packet Data

2.5G - GPRS
General Packet Radio Service - An Overlay
technology on top of the existing GSM systems.
Data rate = 56 114Kbps.
4 MCS (Modulation and coding schemes) used.
Factors affecting downlink/uplink speed:
TDMA slots
Multi-slot class
Channel Encoding used.

HSCSD
High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data.
An enhancement to CSD Multiple timeslots used.
Data rates up to 38.4 Kbps (4 times CSD).
In reality supports 14.4Kbps.
Expensive than CSD.
Latency less that GPRS.

2003

Packet Data

2.75G
EDGE

CDMA 1xRTT

EDGE
EDGE (Enhanced Data rate for GSM)
Superset of GPRS.
Data rate = 4 times GPRS.
9 MCS (Modulation and coding schemes) used
Gaussian min shift keying and 8PSK.

Evolved EDGE
Data rate = 1Mbps
Encoding technique 32QAM and 16QAM.
Requires simple network enhancements with
software update.

CDMA 1xRTT
1x is an abbreviation of 1xRTT (1x Radio Transmission
Technology).1x refers to the no. of duplex radio channels.
Supports 33-35 simultaneous voice calls per 1.25MHz.
(cdmaOne = 20 voice calls)
Encoding technique:
BPSK for forward and reverse link.

Data Rate = 153 Kbps/153 Kbps.

Software and minimum hardware update.

CDMA2000
IMT2000

3G
W-CDMA (UMTS)

UMTS
UMTS - Universal Mobile Telecommunications System.
Also known as W-CDMA.
W-CDMA uses the DS-CDMA and TDD channel access
method with a pair of 5 MHz channels.
Requires new cell towers & frequency allocations.
Data rate = 1Mbps(theoritical)
Frequency bands:
Uplink 1885-2025 MHz (mobile-to-base )
Downlink 2110-2200 MHz (base-to-mobile).

CDMA2000
EVDO Rel 0 (Evolution-Data Optimized or
Evolution-Data only Release 0)
Data rates:
Forward link - 2.4Mbps.
Reverse link - 153kbps.

Encoding technique:
Forward link 16QAM.
Reverse link - BPSK.

HSDPA

HSUPA

3.5G
EVDO-Rev A

EVDO-Rev B

HSPA
High Speed Packet Access is a collection of two
mobile telephony protocols HSDPA and HSUPA.
High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)
Data rates for Forward link - 14.4Mbps.
Encoding technique QPSK and 16QAM

High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) or

EUL(Enhanced Uplink)
Data rates for Reverse link - 5.76Mbps.

Just a software update for most WCDMA networks.

HSPA+
Evolved High Speed Packet Access (HSPA+)
Data rates:
Forward link - 42Mbps.
Reverse link - 22Mbps.

Encoding technique 64QAM.

EVDO Rev A
EVDO Rev A (Revision A)
Also called as EV-DV (Evolution Data/Voice)
Data rates:
Forward link - 3.1Mbps.
Reverse link - 1.8Mbps.

Encoding technique:
Forward link 16QAM.
Reverse link - QPSK and 8PSK.

EVDO Rev B
Combine up to fifteen 1.25MHz carriers (20MHz) in
forward and/or reverse link. Carriers not physically
combined and not adjacent to each other.
Data rate:
Forward link = 3.1Mbps*15channels = 47Mbps.
Reverse link = 1.8Mbps*15channels = 27Mbps.

Encoding technique 64QAM. Uplink data rate

increases from 3.1Mbps to 4.9Mbps per channel.
Thus, Data rate:
Forward link = 4.9Mbps*15channels = 74Mbps.

Only software updation required.

0G
1G technologies
2G technologies
Circuit and Packet Switching.
3GPP & 3GPP2
Transition
2.5G technologies
2.75G technologies
3G technologies
An interim 3.5G of 4G

Services offered by 3G
Deployment Problems
3G in India & its delay
4G

Video Services
Location Based Services
Instant
Messaging
Multi Player Gaming

DEPLOYMENT

PROBLEMS

Argentina

Estonia

Kyrgyzstan

Slovenia

Australia

Finland

Malaysia

South Korea

Austria

France

Mauritius

South Africa

Azerbaijan

Georgia

Mexico

Spain

Bahrain

Germany

Moldova

Sri Lanka

Belarus

Greece

Netherlands

Sweden

Belgium

Guatemala

New Zealand

Taiwan

Bermuda

Hong Kong

Nicaragua

Tajikistan

Brazil

Hungary

Nigeria

Thailand

Canada

Iceland

Norway

Ukraine

Chile

India

Pakistan

UAE

China

Indonesia

Panama

United Kingdom

Colombia

Ireland

Peru

United States

Cyprus

Israel

Poland

Uzbekistan

Czech Republic

Italy

Portugal

Venezuela

Denmark

Jamaica

Romania

Vietnam

Dominican

Japan

Russia

Venezuela

Ecuador

Kazakhstan

Singapore

Vietnam

3G INDIA
in

Out in Market

Where are we ?

4G

Summary
G
1
2
2.5
3
3.5
4

Technology

Data Rates

Analog

Typical 2.4 Kbps; max 22 Kbps

Digital TDMA, CDMA

9.6 - 14.4 Kbps (circuit data)

GPRS mux packets in

voice timeslots

15 - 40 Kbps

Improved modulation,
using CDMA variants

50 144 Kbps (1xRTT);

200 384 Kbps (UMTS);
500 Kbps 2.4 Mbps (EVDO)

More modulation tweaks

214 Mbps (HSPA)

New modulation (OFDMA);

Multi-path (MIMO); All IP

LTE: >10 Mbps; eventual

potential >100 Mbps