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5 Investigating Ecosystems
( Biotic Component)
the organism
Construct simple dichotomous keys with teachers
support
Acknowledge the importance of construction of keys
Classification
What is classification?
Science of grouping organisms based on their
physical characteristics.
Why do we classify?
What am I?
Firefly
Lightning bug
Glow Fly
Blinkie
Golden Sparkler
Moon bug
Glhwrmchen
Lucirnaga
Luciole
Jugnu
We all have different names for the same organismthis
Why do we classify?
Identify organisms
Compare organisms
Identify relationships among organisms
Communicate with others (universal language)
Identify evolutionary relationships
(384-322 B.C)
First System of Classification
1. Plants
Based on stem type
2. Animals
Land, air or water
(1707-1778)
Came up with modern classification system
Used binomial nomenclature (2 word naming system)
This two word name is called a scientific name
Composed of the genus name followed by the species name
Scientific Names
Either written in italics or underlined
Genus is always capitalized and species is always
lowercase
Based on Latin
Examples:
Dichotomous Keys
A series of yes/no questions about an organisms
structure
Used to identify new and unknown organisms
Amoeba, shark, beetle, eagle, horse, rat, pine tree, sycamore tree, butter cup,
car, spoon, pebble
Level 2:
Fern, mushroom, butterfly, snail, lizard, rose
http://www.earthlife.net/insects/orders-key.html#key
Sample key for insect ID
Learning Objective
Describe and evaluate the methods for estimating
WS on quadrat
randome sampling
Systematic sampling
A sampling method in which sample selection begins
Species Diversity
Quadrat Sampling
Score
> 50
Abundant
25 50
Common
12 - 25
Frequent
6-12
Occasional
<6
Rare
Absent
Estimated Pop size= total no. of individuals counted* total area
No. quadrats X area of each quadrat
Population density= no. of individuals / given size of quadrat area (m2)
Frequency: Percentage of No. of quadrats the species is present
Species richness: the different types (number)of species occurring in a quadrat or
study area
Grid Quadrate
Measures percent frequency the % of
Percent Frequency
http://www.slideshare.net/nirmalajosephine1/biology-form-4-chapter-8dynamic-ecosystem-part-3-42839437
Percent Coverage
1m
Percent Coverage
18
14 22
24 24 1 2 14
15 3 4 15
17 21 23
1m
19 20 12
13 13 17 18
5 6 12
16 7 8 9 10 11 22
16 19 21 23 20 12
Score
> 50
Abundant
25 50
Common
12 - 25
Frequent
6-12
Occasional
<6
Rare
Absent
X
W
X
X
X
X
W
X
X
W
Percentage Frequency
Quadrat 1
Quadrat 2
Quadrat 3
X
W
X
X
X
X
W
W
W
X
Measuring Biomass
Get a sample of the organisms, oven dry them at 85C
Learning Objectives
Describe and evaluate the methods for estimating
Transects
Transects
A TRANSECT - A line, strip or profile of vegetation
Transect
In order to complete a transect, a piece of string or
Line Transects
A measured line is randomly placed across the area
Belt Transects
Transect line is laid out and a quadrant is placed at
Belt Transects
Data collection should be completed by one
Transect
These can either be sampled continuously or as an
Transect
To measure changes in space i.e. zonation, this
Kite Diagrams
Used to illustrate changes in species over space or
Task Analysis:
Create a Pro/Con table for the sampling techniques
eature=plcp
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3SCsDVQa3A0
Learning Objective
Define diversity
Calculate Simpsons Diversity Index
Apply Simpsons Diversity Index using
Simpson Index
Species Diversity
The two main factors taken into account when measuring species
diversity
1. Sp Richness
A measure of the number of different species present in a particular
area.
The more species present in a sample, the 'richer' the sample.
Takes no account of the number of individuals of each species present.
It gives as much weight to those species which have very few
individuals as to those which have many individuals.
The two main factors taken into account when measuring species
diversity
2. Relative Abundance
The relative number of individuals of each species present
http://www.countrysideinfo.co.uk/simpsons.htm
D = ____________N (N-1)_______________
n1(n11) + n2(n2 1) + n3(n3 1) +nk(nk 1)
D = Diversity
N = Total number of organisms of all species
n = number of individuals of a particular species
***The higher the D value the more diverse the sample
is!!!!!
Abundance of Organism
Ecosystem A
Ecosystem B
species 1
species 2
species 3
26
12
species 4
species 5
Diversity
3.27
Learning Objectives
Compare various trapping methods for estimating
abundance of organisms.
Measuring abundance by Lincoln Index
Defend why the measurement of the biotic factors is
often subjective and may not be as precise and
reliable as the abiotic factor measurement
capture-mark-recapture method
We then use this data to calculate the Lincoln Index
Tullgren Funnel
The Tullgren Funnel is an apparatus
Light Trap
1. A light trap is a device used at night in
the rice field to collect and control
insects such as leafhoppers, plant
hoppers and stem borers.
2. Light traps provide a good method for
collecting large numbers of night-flying
insects or for collecting insects from
several locations at once. They are also
a valuable tool for individuals who
cannot be out at night to collect.
3. The simplest light trap consists of a UV
light (often called a black light) and a
collecting pan with alcohol covering the
bottom.
4. The pan is placed below the light, and
insects flying toward the light eventually
drop into the alcohol.
Lincoln Index
Lincoln Index
Example
50 snowshoe hares are captured in box traps,
Review points
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Dispersion patterns
Carrying capacity and limiting factors
r and K selection
Natural population cycles
Human effects