Petrucci Harwood Herring Madura

GENERAL
CHEMISTRY

Ninth
Edition

Principles and Modern Applications

Chapter 8: Electrons in Atoms

Philip Dutton
University of Windsor, Canada
Prentice-Hall 2007

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General Chemistry: Chapter 8

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Contents
8-1
8-2
8-3
8-4
8-5
8-6
8-7

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Electromagnetic Radiation
Atomic Spectra
Quantum Theory
The Bohr Atom
Two Ideas Leading to a New Quantum Mechanics
Wave Mechanics
Quantum Numbers and Electron Orbitals

General Chemistry: Chapter 8

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Contents
8-8
8-9
8-9
8-10
8-11
8-12

Quantum Numbers
Interpreting and Representing Orbitals of the
Hydrogen Atom
Electron Spin
Multi-electron Atoms
Electron Configurations
Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table

Focus On Helium-Neon Lasers

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General Chemistry: Chapter 8

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8-1 Electromagnetic Radiation

Electric and magnetic fields
propagate as waves through
empty space or through a
medium.
A wave transmits energy.

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General Chemistry: Chapter 8

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EM Radiation

Low

High

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General Chemistry: Chapter 8

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Frequency, Wavelength and Velocity

Frequency () in HertzHz or s-1.
Wavelength () in metersm.
cm
m
nm

(10-2 m)

(10-6 m) (10-9 m)

(10-10 m)

pm
(10-12 m)

Velocity (c)2.997925 108 m s-1.

c =
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= c/
General Chemistry: Chapter 8

= c/
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Electromagnetic Spectrum

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General Chemistry: Chapter 8

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Constructive and Destructive Interference

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General Chemistry: Chapter 8

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Examples of Interference

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General Chemistry: Chapter 8

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Refraction of Light

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General Chemistry: Chapter 8

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9-2 Atomic Spectra

(a)

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(b)

(c)

General
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8 8

(d)

(e)

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Atomic Spectra

Helium

Hydrogen

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General Chemistry: Chapter 8

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8-3 Quantum Theory

Blackbody Radiation:

Max Planck, 1900

Energy, like matter, is discontinuous.
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General Chemistry: Chapter 8

= h
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Black Body Radiation

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General
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Chapter
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The Photoelectric Effect

Heinrich Hertz, 1888
Light striking the surface
of certain metals causes
ejection of electrons.

> o
threshold frequency

#e- I
ek

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Albert Einstein 1905

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The Photoelectric Effect

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General Chemistry: Chapter 8

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The Photoelectric Effect

At the stopping voltage the kinetic energy of the
ejected electron has been converted to potential.
1
mu2 = eVs
2

At frequencies greater than o:

Vs = k ( - o)

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General Chemistry: Chapter 8

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The Photoelectric Effect

Ek = eVs

Eo = ho

eVo
o =
h

eVo, and therefore o, are characteristic of the metal.

Conservation of energy requires that:
Ephoton = Ek + Ebinding
Ek = Ephoton - Ebinding

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1
mu2 + eVo
h =
2
1
eVs =
mu2 = h - eVo
2

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8-4 The Bohr Atom

-RH
E= 2
n

RH = 2.179 10-18 J

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General Chemistry: Chapter 8

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Energy-Level Diagram

-RH -RH

E = Ef Ei =
2
nf
ni2
1
1
= RH ( 2 2 ) = h = hc/
ni
nf

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General Chemistry: Chapter 8

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Ionization Energy of Hydrogen

1
1
E = RH ( 2 2 ) = h
ni
nf
As nf goes to infinity for hydrogen starting in the ground state:
1
h = RH ( 2 ) = RH
ni
This also works for hydrogen-like species such as He+ and Li2+.
h = -Z2 RH
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General Chemistry: Chapter 8

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Emission and Absorption Spectroscopy

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General Chemistry: Chapter 8

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8-5 Two Ideas Leading to a New Quantum

Mechanics
Wave-Particle Duality
Einstein suggested particle-like
properties of light could explain the
photoelectric effect.
Diffraction patterns suggest photons
are wave-like.

deBroglie, 1924
Small particles of matter may at times
display wavelike properties.

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General Chemistry: Chapter 8

Louis de Broglie
Nobel Prize 1918
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de Broglie and Matter Waves

E = mc2
h = mc2
h/c = mc = p
p = h/
= h/p = h/mu
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General Chemistry: Chapter 8

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X-Ray Diffraction

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General Chemistry: Chapter 8

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The Uncertainty Principle

Werner Heisenberg

h
x p
4

Heisenberg and Bohr

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General Chemistry: Chapter 8

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8-6 Wave Mechanics

Standing waves.
Nodes do not undergo displacement.

2L
= , n = 1, 2, 3
n

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General Chemistry: Chapter 8

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Wave Functions
, psi, the wave function.
Should correspond to a
standing wave within the
boundary of the system being
described.

Particle in a box.

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2
n x
sin

L
L

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Probability of Finding an Electron

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General Chemistry: Chapter 8

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Wave Functions for Hydrogen

Schrdinger, 1927

E = H

H (x,y,z) or H (r,,)

(r,,) = R(r) Y(,)

R(r) is the radial wave function.
Y(,) is the angular wave function.

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General Chemistry: Chapter 8

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Principle Shells and Subshells

Principle electronic shell, n = 1, 2, 3
Angular momentum quantum number,
l = 0, 1, 2(n-1)
l = 0, s
l = 1, p
l = 2, d
l = 3, f

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Magnetic quantum number,

ml= - l -2, -1, 0, 1, 2+l

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Orbital Energies

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General Chemistry: Chapter 8

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9-8 Interpreting and Representing the

Orbitals of the Hydrogen Atom.

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General Chemistry: Chapter 8

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s orbitals

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p Orbitals

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General Chemistry: Chapter 8

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p Orbitals

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General Chemistry: Chapter 8

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d Orbitals

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General Chemistry: Chapter 8

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9-9 Electron Spin: A Fourth Quantum

Number

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General Chemistry: Chapter 8

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Stern-Gerlach Experiment

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General Chemistry: Chapter 8

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8-10 Multi-electron Atoms

Schrdinger equation was for only one e-.
Electron-electron repulsion in multielectron atoms.
Hydrogen-like orbitals (by approximation).

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General Chemistry: Chapter 8

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Penetration and Shielding

Zeff is the effective nuclear charge.

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General Chemistry: Chapter 8

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8-11 Electron Configurations

Aufbau process.
Build up and minimize energy.

Pauli exclusion principle.

No two electrons can have all four quantum
numbers alike.

Hunds rule.
Degenerate orbitals are occupied singly first.

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Orbital Energies

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Orbital Filling

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General Chemistry: Chapter 8

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Aufbau Process and Hunds Rule

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Filling p Orbitals

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General Chemistry: Chapter 8

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Filling the d Orbitals

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General Chemistry: Chapter 8

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8-12 Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table

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General Chemistry: Chapter 8

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End of Chapter Questions

Test your decisions that you make while
solving a problem by continuing on the path
and seeing if they turn out to be:
a) sensible and b) useful.
You must always validate your assumptions
at some point in your solution.
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General Chemistry: Chapter 8

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