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Objective
To measure
APPARATUS
Pipe Network
Rotameters
Manometers
Theoretical Discussion
Fluid flow in pipes is of considerable importance in process.
Animals and Plants circulation systems.
In our homes.
City water.
Irrigation system.
Sewer water system
Theoretical Discussion
Laminar flow
To describe any of these flows, conservation of mass and
conservation of momentum equations are the most general forms
could be used to describe the dynamic system. Where the key
issue is the relation between flow rate and pressure drop.
If the flow fluid is:
a. Newtonian
b. Isothermal
c. Incompressible (dose not depend on the pressure)
d. Steady flow (independent on time).
e. Laminar flow (the velocity has only one single component)
Laminar flow
Navier-Stokes equations is govern the flow field (a set of equations
containing only velocity components and pressure) and can be solved
exactly to obtain the Hagen-Poiseuille relation
.
Pz
Flow
Vz(r)
Pz+dz
r+dr
In
r
Pz+dz
Forces balance
Laminar flow
Continue
Sumofforces
Rateofchangeofmomentum
inthez direction inthez direction
dFz r 2r zr r dz
dFz r dr 2 (r dr) zr r dr dz
1Shear forces
p z 2rdr
p z dz 2 rdr
2.Pressure
g2 rdrdz
3..Body force
Laminar flow
Continue
Momentum is
Mass*velocity (m*v)
Momentum per unit volume is
*vz
*vz*dQ
dQ=vz2rdr
but
vz = constant at a fixed value of r
v z (v2rdr) z v z (v2rdr) z dz 0
Laminar flow
Laminar flow
Continue
2 r zr r dz 2 (r dr) zr r dr dz p z 2 rdr p z dz 2rdr g2rdrdz 0
dvz
dr
Q
R
0
p pz 0 pz L gL
R 4 p
2vz dr
8 L
Hagen-Poiseuille
Turbulent flow
When fluid flow at higher flowrates,
the streamlines are not steady and
straight and the flow is not laminar.
Generally, the flow field will vary in
both space and time with fluctuations
that comprise "turbulence
For this case almost all terms in the
Navier-Stokes equations are important
and there is no simple solution
uz
z
Uz
average
ur
r
Ur
average
P = P (D, , , L, U,)
p
average
P
Time
Turbulent flow
All previous parameters involved three fundamental dimensions,
Mass, length, and time
From these parameters, three dimensionless groups can be build
P
L
)
2 f (Re,
U
D
UD
inertia
Re
Viscousforces
f
2
1/2 U
Rh hydraulic radius
r 4 P
Q
8 L
P 8U
2
L
R
PR
f
U 2 L
P R
8
16
f
2
L U
UR Re
P D
0.25
f
0.079Re
2
L 2 U
Surface Roughness
Additional dimensionless group /D need
to be characterize
Thus more than one curve on friction factorReynolds number plot
Fanning diagram or Moody diagram
Depending on the laminar region.
If, at the lowest Reynolds numbers, the laminar portion
corresponds to f =16/Re Fanning Chart
or f = 64/Re Moody chart
P D
f
L 2 U 2
1
4.0 * log Re*
f
f 0.4
f 0.079Re0.25
1
D
4.0 * log 2.28
1
D
D /
4.0 * log 2.28 4.0 * log 4.67
1
f
Re f
0.010
1.00E+03
/D
0.00005
0.0001
0.0002
0.0004
0.0008
0.0010.002 0.004
0.006
0.008
0.010.015
0.02 0.030.040.05
laminar fow
Fraction factor
Moody Diagram
0.100
1.00E+04
1.00E+05
Re
1.00E+06
1.00E+07
1.00E+08
Fanning Diagram
1
D
D /
4.0 * log 2.28 4.0 * log 4.67
1
f
Re f
f =16/Re
1
D
4.0 * log 2.28
Ergun Equation
PDp 3
150(1 )
f
1.75
2
L Uo (1 )
Uo Dp
Dp
Flow
Uo Dp
Re
(1 )
U2
Ev K
2
Leq U 2
p
U2
hv
Kv
2f
2g
D g
Leq/D
0.15
0.85
40
4.4
200
20
900
7.5
350
A2
KE
U1 U2 2
E E KE
2
U 22
E E KE
12
2
A
2
A1
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
20
40
angle ()
60
80
Sudden Contraction
(Orifice Flowmeter)
Orifice flowmeters are used to determine a
liquid or gas flowrate by measuring the
differential pressure P1-P2 across the
orifice plate
2( p1 p2 ) 1/ 2
Q Cd A2
2
(1 )
1
0.95
0.9
0.85
Cd 0.8
0.75
0.7
0.65
0.6
102
103
P1
P2
Flow
105
104
Re
106
107
Venturi Flowmeter
The classical Venturi tube (also known as the Herschel Venturi
tube) is used to determine flowrate through a pipe. Differential
pressure is the pressure difference between the pressure
measured at D and at d
D
Flow
Pipe
Entrance
Turbulent flow
Laminar flow
http://www.engineering.uiowa.edu/~cfd/gallery/lim-turb.html