Вы находитесь на странице: 1из 18

HOW ANIMALS SURVIVE

INTRODUCTION

Animals are made up of


cells which are then
organized to form tissues;
tissues are group together
to form organs..

I.

FOOD GETTING, DIGESTION, AND


ABSORPTION

- Like plants , animals need nutrients in order to live but


unlike plants they cannot make their own food. In order
to survive animals must bring food to the body cells.

A.

Invertebrates and vertebrates are the ways of digesting


their food.

Invertebrate Digestive system

-Invertebrates can be classified as those having


gastrovascular cavities and those having
alimentary canals.

*Gastrovascular cavity a tube or cavity with only one


opening , that serves as both mouth and anus.
Platyhelminthes

Cnidarians

-flatworms

-corals
-sea anemones
-jelly fish

* Alimentary canals (invertebrates) are consists of


the mouth , esophagus, crop, gizzard, intestines, and
anus.

B. Vertebrate Digestive System


- Animal digestion among the vertebrates begins in
the mouth, then moves though the pharynx, into the
esophagus, into the stomach, and then into the
intestines.
Four Types of Vertebrates Digestive System
1. Monogastric
2. Avian
3. Ruminant
4. Pseudo-ruminant

1. Monogastric Digestive System


- Monogastric digestive system consists
of a single stomach chamber.
examples
Humans (omnivore)
Cats (carnivore)
Rabbits (herbivore)

The first step in obtaining nutrition


is ingestion, a process where food is
taken in through the mouth and broken
down by the teeth and saliva. The
breaking down of food in the mouth is
called mastication. The food must go
down the esophagus through peristalsis,
in order to absorbed the nutrients.
Undigested food enters the colon where
water is reasorbed into the body and
excess waste is eliminated through the
anus.

2. Avian Digestive
System

- In an avian digestion system food enters through the


mouth without mastication.
examples
Birds
Chickens

Foods enters through the mouth


then the esophagus, then to the crop
where the food is stored and soaked.
Then enters the proventriculus. It
then enters the gizzard where the
food is mechanically ground then
passes through the small and large
intestines . The undigested food
becomes food pellets that are
excreted as waste through the cloaca.

3. Ruminant Digestive System


- A ruminant digestive system is polygastric which
means that the stomach has multiple
compartments the rumen, reticulum, omasum, and
abomasum.
examples
Cows
Sheep
Goats

The rumen, the first and largest chamber;


contains many bacteria and microbes that promote
fermentation and break down the food.
The reticulum, second chamber; small pouch that
traps foreign materials which the ruminant animal
may have swallowed.
The omosum, third chamber; which grinds the food
and remove water from it..
The abomasum, fourth chamber; serves as the true
stomach in that functions similarly as the stomach
of monogastric aniamals.

4. Pseudo-ruminant Digestive System


- Pseudo ruminants are similar to ruminants in
that they eat a lot of roughage, fiber, forages,
and grains. They are slightly different from
ruminants, however in that their stomach has
three chambers the reticulum, omasum, and
abomasum..
examples
Camels
Horses
Rabbits
Guinea pigs

II. GAS EXCHANGE


- The respiratory system consists of organs that
allow gas exchange. It brings oxygen into the body
cells and get rid off carbon dioxide(cell waste
product). Respiration occurs through the respiratory
organs of different animals, which include skin, gills,
tracheal system, and lungs.
Skin

Gills

Tracheal
System

Lungs

Amphibians

Fish

Some insects

Mammals

Earthworms

Other aquatic
organism

Some animals uses their skin to exchange


gases between the external environment
and the circulatory system due to the
network of capillaries that lie below the skin.

Fish uses their gills to take up oxygen


dissolved in the water and diffuse carbon
dioxide out of the bloodstream.

Some insects utilize a


tracheal system that
transports oxygen from
the external
environment through
openings called
spiracles. Spiracles are
small opening or tubes
that caryy oxygen to
the entire body of
insects.

In mammals the main organs for gas


exchange are the lungs. Air is drawn into
and pushed out of the lungs by the
alternate inhalation and exhalation of air
or breathing.
During inhalation, air is pulled into the
lungs, due to increase in the lung volume
the rib cage expands.
During exhalation the rib cage gets smaller
.

Вам также может понравиться