Gollis University

Department of Telecommunication
Engineering
Linux Administration
Chapter two : Unix/Linux

Outlines
Introduction to Unix
History of UNIX
What is LINUX
LINUX Distributions
Unix OS Structure
Unix File System
Unix Directories, Files and Inodes
Users, Groups and Permissions

Linux

Linus Torvalds (Linux developer)

Operating system types

In chapter one we have discussed different types of
opening systems. Those types can be broadly
categorized into three major types:
1. Single user and single tasking operating system
Example:- MS-DOS
2. Single user and multitasking operating system
Example: Windows
3. Multi user and multitasking operating system
Example: Unix/Linux

What is UNIX ?

Unix is a multi-user, multi-tasking & multiprocessing

operating system.

You can have many users logged into a system

simultaneously, each running many programs.

It's the kernel's job to keep each process and user

separate and to regulate access to system hardware,
including cpu, memory, disk and other I/O devices.
6

History of UNIX
Who develop Unix?
First Version was created in Bell Labs in 1969.

The father of Unix is Denis Ritchie

Unix is developed by C language

Some of the Bell Labs programmers who had worked on

this project, Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Rudd Canaday,

What is of Linux?

Linux is a free Unix-type operating system originally created by

Linus Torvalds in 1991in University of Helsinki.

Linux is multi user,Multitasking,multiprocessing system

It is Graphical User Interface (GUI)

To use commands , you have to use shell or terminal window

Runs on multiple platforms

Free Software Foundation(FSF)

Free software as defined by FSF standard:

you must able to:

Run the program for any purpose you want

View the programs source code

Modify the programs sources code if you need

Share the program with others

Linux version

Linux come both as

desktop edition

server edition

Note :
in Linux both editions are multi-user and multi-tasking
operating systems.

10

Linux Version
desktop edition
It has x window

Server edition
no x window

11

Flavors of Unix(Distributions)

BSD

unix

SCO

unix

IBM

AIX

HP

UX

Sun

Solaris

12

Why use Linux?

some common reasons for using Linux are the following

Powerful, modern design

Freely available source code

Thousands of free, powerful application

Lower total cost of ownerships

Stable, powerful, and virus-free

13

Flavors of Linux (Distributions)

Linux is developed by different organizations.

Red Hat Linux

Arch Linux

Centos

Gentoo Linux

Linux Mint

SUSE Linux

Ubuntu Linux

Kali

Novell Linux Desktop

Fedora Core Linux

Debian GNU Linux

14

Advantages of Linux

Linux is open source /free software

Linux systems are extremely stable

No treat of viruses

Higher degree of customization

Linux comes with most of required software preinstalled

15

UNIX Architecture

16

Unix Architecture

Shell means command interpreter

Shell is an interface b/n user and kernel

Shell translates user data into kernel understandable form

Shell is not part of the system kernel ,but uses the system kernel
to execute programs, create files etc.

17

Linux System Architecture

The Linux system architecture consists of the following

layers

Hardware layer

Kernel layer

Shell

Applications

User

18

Linux System Architecture

19

Types of Unix shell

There are three types unix shell
1.

Bourne shell

BSH $ general purpose

2.

Korn shell

KSH $ general purpose

3.

C shell

CSH %

20

Types of Linux Shell

Bash shell

Tcsh Shell

21

Application of Linux

Linux can be used in:

Desktops

Servers

Embedded devices such as

routers
Wireless access points
tablet computers
Smart phones
22

Advantage of Linux over windows

Availability of the Source Code

Stability

Compatibility

Customization

Security

Freedom of choice

23

Advantage of Linux over windows

Stability

Since the basis for Linux was the operating system UNIX,
Linux inherits the same stability UNIX established.

Designed to run corporate servers, it was essential for UNIX

to possess rock-solid stability and Linux users now reap those
benefits.

24

Advantage of Linux over windows

Compatibility
Due to its flexibility and the availability of the source code,

Linux systems can be customized to work with any network,

running any number of applications, and supported by
numerous hardware platforms.

Linux systems can run on both Macs and PCs, eliminating

common operating system lock-in and providing consumers

with viable alternatives to Windows and MacOS
25

Advantage of Linux over windows

Customization
Similar to the benefits that allow Linux solutions to provide

com-portability with the contents of any corporate networks,

Linux systems and applications can be customized to fit the

individual needs of any corporation. perfect fit.

An

accomplishment that is seemingly impossible with other

solutions

26

Advantage of Linux over windows

Security
One of the main missions of the open source methodology

is to utilize the expertise of thousands of developers in a

collaborative network to create secure and powerful
solutions for computing.
Evolving from the successful collaboration of these

programmers is the Many Eyes theory regarding security

27

Advantage of Linux over windows

Freedom of Choice

With the ability to modify and improve upon pre-existing

code, there are many distributions of Linux available. Most
contain similar functionalities but all possess a uniqueness to
differentiate themselves from the herd.

28