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Sympathetic nervous system
6 coordinates the bodys responses to stress
6 nerve fibers emerge from the spinal
segments T1-L2
6 preganglionic nerve cells are located in the
interomedial lateral nuclei (IML)
6 postganglionic cells are located in ganglia
near the spinal cord
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6 neurotransmitters:
- preganglionic fibers: acetylcholine (Ach)
- postganglionic fibers: norepinephrine
(NE)
- exceptions: sweet glands, piloerector
muscle and a few blood vessels also
called adrenergic fibers
6 receptors that NE activates
- receptors
1, 2
6 receptors (greater sensitivity to
isoproterenol)
1, 2
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Heart
6 Sympathetic fibers: increase the overall
activity of the heart
by increasing the rate and the force of heart
contraction
6 Parasympathetic fibers: the opposite effects
Lungs
6 Bronchial muscles
6 Bronchial glands
6 Blood vessels
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6 effects on target organs
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Gastrointestinal system
6 stomach
motility and tone
sphincters
secretion
6 intestine
motility and tone
sphincters
secretion
Intrinsic eye muscles
6 iris muscles
6 ciliary muscle
Blood vessels: coronary, skeletal muscle, etc
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Release norepinephrine (20%) and epinephrine
(EP, 80%) into circulating blood
Stimulated by sympathetic nerves
Similar effects as sympathetic stimulation except
of 5-10 times longer
Differences of EP from NE
6 greater effect on heart ( receptor effects)
6 weak constriction of the blood vessels in
the muscles
6 greater metabolic effect (5-10 times)
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