Starter

What does the motion of gas

molecules look like?

Why does a balloon inflate when you

blow it up?
Why will a bottle of carbonated drink
like coca-cola explode from a bottle
if opened after shaking it?

Chapter 5
The Gas
Laws
2

Section 5.1- Pressure

Force per unit area (P = force/area).
Gas molecules fill container.
Molecules move around and hit
sides.
Collisions are the force.
Container is the area.
Measured with a barometer.

How Does A Barometer Work?

Vacuum
Pressure of
atmosphere
pushes on
Hg

760 mm
Hg

The pressure of the

atmosphere at sea
level will cause the
column of mercury to
As a result, rise to 760 mm Hg.
Hg rises up
1 atm = 760 mm Hg
into the glass
tube

*Hg stops rising

when its equal
to atmospheric
pressure

Units of pressure
1 atmosphere = 760 mm Hg
1 mm Hg = 1 torr
1 atm = 101,325 Pascals = 101.325 kPa

*The first two are provided on the AP

equation sheet. No need to memorize
the third- I assume youll be given that
if you need to use it.
5

Section 5.2

THE GAS LAWS OF BOYLE,

CHARLES, AND AVOGADRO
6

About the Laws

You should be aware of the following
laws, however we will not focus
heavily on them as they can be
derived from the ideal gas law.
After briefly going through each of
the following laws, we will see how
to derive each from the ideal gas law.

Boyles Law

Pressure and volume are inversely related at

constant temperature.
P1 V 1 = P 2 V2
As one goes up, the other goes down.

Ex: if P increases (at constant T), V must go

down
Further studies show that Boyles Law is only
true at very low P

This will be discussed more in 5.8

Gases that obey these laws are called ideal

gases.

Charless Law

Volume of a gas varies directly with

the temperature at constant pressure.

V1
T1

V2

T2

As one goes up/down, so does the

other.

Avogadro's Law

At constant temperature and

pressure, the volume of gas is
directly related to the number of
moles.

V1
n1

10

V2
n2

As one goes up/down, so does the

other.

Gay- Lussac Law

At constant volume, pressure and

temperature are directly related.

P1
T1

T2

As one goes up/down, so does the

other.

11

P2

Combined Gas Law

Combination of Boyles Law, Charles
Law, and Gay-Lussac Law.
Moles of gas remain constant.

P1V1
T1

12

P2V2
T2

Summary
Boyles: P1V1 = P2V2
Charles: V1/T1 = V2/T2

Avogadros: V1/n1 = V2/n2

Gay-Lussac: P1/T1 = P2/T2

13

Combined: P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2

Thats a lot of laws! Or we can just

use the Ideal Gas Law!

Combined Gas Law Cont.

14

Ex: A 2.3L sample of gas has a pressure of

1.2atm at 200.K. If the pressure is raised to
1.4atm and the temperature is increased to 300.K,
what is the volume of the gas?
V2 = P1V1T2
T1P2
V2 = 3.0 L

Practice

Ex: A 12.2L sample of gas has 0.50mol of O2 at 1atm

and 25C. How many moles of O2 would occupy
19.4L at the same temperature and pressure?
Solution: V1/n1 = V2/n2
(12.2L)/(0.50mol) = (19.4L)/(n2)
n2 =0.80mol
*In other words, 0.80mol of O2 would be required to
fill 19.4L in order to keep the same pressure as
0.50mol of O2 in 12.2L.

15

AP Practice Question
A sample of argon gas is sealed in a
container. The volume of the container
is doubled. If the pressure remains
constant, what must happen to the
temperature?
a) It doesnt change.
b) It is halved.
c) It is doubled.
d) It is squared.

16

Demonstration Warm-Up!
Observe the demonstration.
Keep in mind the properties of gases we
have discussed so far: P, V, T, and n.
Think about these properties before and
after imploding the can. Why do you
think the can was crushed?
As temperature decreases, so does the
pressure and volume.
Remind you of a law we looked at?

17

Sections 1&2 Homework

18

Pgs. 217-218 #: 2, 6, 34, 35

Section 5.3

THE IDEAL GAS LAW

19

Ideal Gas Law

PV = nRT
KNOW THIS!
At standard temperature and pressure (STP): V =
22.4L at 1atm, 0C, and n = 1mol. These conditions
were used to determine R (ideal gas constant):
R = 0.08206 L atm/mol K
= 8.314 J/mol K
Choose R
= 62.36 L torr/mol K
value
Tells you about a gas NOW.
according to
The other laws tell you about a gas when it
units of P
changes.

20

Ideal Gas Law Cont.

21

Looking back at the possible values

for R, you will notice that all units for
temperature are in K.
When using the ideal gas law for
calculations, convert all
temperatures to K!
Recall conversion: K = C + 273
(provided on AP equation sheet)

Ideal Gas Law Derivation Practice

May be asked to prove one of the
laws discussed before!
Strategy: get all constants in the
ideal gas law on one side and
changing variables on the other.
We will go several of these in class.

22

AP Practice Question
A 1.15mol sample of carbon monoxide
gas has a temperature of 27C and a
pressure of 0.300atm. If the temperature
is lowered to 17C at constant volume,
what is the new pressure?
a) 0.290atm
b) 0.519atm
23

c) 0.206atm
d) 0.338atm

Ideal Gas Law- Why Ideal?

Ideal gases are hypothetical
substances.
Gases only approach ideal behavior
at low pressure (< 1 atm) and high
temperature.
They do not behave exactly according
to this law, but they behave closely
enough.
Law provides good estimates of gas
behavior under these conditions.
Unless told otherwise, assume ideal
24
gas behavior and use the ideal gas law.

AP Practice Question

A sample of aluminum metal is

added to HCl. How many grams of
aluminum metal must be added to an
excess of HCl to produce 33.6L of
hydrogen gas at STP?

a) 18.0g
b) 35.0g
c) 27.0g
25

d) 4.50g

Section 3 Homework

26

Complete the gas laws worksheet

AND #33, 40, 43, 52 on pg. 219-221.

Section 5.4

GAS STOICHIOMETRY
27

Gases and Stoichiometry

Reactions involve moles of
substances.
Recall that at STP (0C and 1 atm)
1mol of any gas occupies 22.4 L.
At STP this can be a conversion
factor: 1mol/22.4L or 22.4L/1mol
If not at STP, use the ideal gas law to
calculate moles or volume of a
substance.

28

Section 4 Example

29

Quicklime (CaO) is produced by the thermal

decomposition of calcium carbonate. Calculate the
volume of carbon dioxide produced at STP if 152g of
calcium carbonate are completely decomposed.
CaCO3 CaO + CO2
Convert to moles: 152g x 1mol
= 1.52mol
100.09g
CaCO3
1:1 mole ratio of CaCO3 to CO2
1.52mol CO2
Use STP conditions & stoichiometry:
At STP 1mol = 22.4L
1.52mol x (22.4L/1mol) = 34.1L CO2

Can double
check using
ideal gas
law

Gas Density and Molar Mass

Recall: D = m/V
Let mmolar stand for molar mass

mmolar = m/n so n = m/mmolar

PV = nRT solve for n: n= PV/RT
Thus m/mmolar = PV/RT
Solve for mmolar: mmolar = mRT/VP

Replace m/V with D: mmolar = DRT/P

If density, temperature, and pressure are
known, molar mass can be found.

30

AP Practice Question
Determine the formula for a gaseous silane
(SinH2n+2) if its density is 5.47g/L at 0C and
1.00atm.
*There are several ways to solve!
a)SiH4
b)Si2H6
c)Si3H8
d)Si4H10

31

Section 4 Homework

32

Pg. 220-221 #51, 54, 57, 63, 64

Section 5.5

DALTONS LAW OF
PARTIAL PRESSURES
33

Daltons Law of Partial Pressures

The total pressure in a container is the
sum of the pressure each gas would
exert if it were alone in the container.
Total pressure = sum of partial
pressures.
Ptot = P1 + P2 + P3 + ...

P1, P2, P3 are individual gases

34

From the ideal gas law: PTotal = (nTotal)RT

V

Partial Pressures Cont.

35

What does Daltons Law tell us about ideal

gases?
Total # of gas particles, not their identities,
is important.
V of individual gas particles doesnt
affect the total P.
Forces between gas particles doesnt
affect the total P.
If these were important, the different
identities of gas particles would affect the
total P differently.

AP Practice Question
A gaseous mixture at 25C contained 1mol CH 4 and
2mol O2, and P = 2atm. The gases underwent the
following reaction:
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
What is the P in the container after the reaction goes to
completion and the T is allowed to return to 25C?
a)1atm
b)2atm
c)3atm
d)4atm

36

AP Practice Question

A sealed, rigid container is filled with three

identical gases: A, B, and C. The partial
pressure of each gas is known as well as
T and V. What additional information is
needed to find the masses of the gases in
the container?

a) average distance travelled between

molecular collisions
b) the intermolecular forces
c) the molar masses of the gases
37 d) the total pressure

The mole fraction

38

Ratio of moles of a substance to the

total moles.

symbol is Greek letter chi

= n1
= P1
ntot
Ptot

Mole fractions have no units!

AP Practice Question

A reaction makes a mixture of CO2,

CO, and H2O. The gaseous products
contained 0.60mol CO2, 0.30mol CO,
and 0.10mol H2O. If the total P is
0.80atm, what is the partial P of CO?

a) 0.24atm
b) 0.34atm
c) 0.080atm

39 d) 0.13atm

Vapor Pressure
Water evaporates!
When water evaporates, the resulting
water vapor has a pressure.
Vapor pressure changes with T- must
be looked up.
Gases are often collected over water so
the vapor pressure of water must be
subtracted from the total pressure.
Vapor pressure must be given.

40

AP Practice Question
A sample of methane gas was collected over
water at 35C. The sample had a total pressure
of 756mm Hg. Determine the partial pressure of
methane gas in the sample. (Vapor pressure of
water at 35C is 41mm Hg.)
a)760mm

Hg
b)41mm Hg
c)715mm Hg
d)797mm Hg
41

Section 5 Homework

42

Pg. 221-222 #65, 67, 69, 72

Collapsing Can Demo

Watch the demonstration.

Why did the can collapse?

-The heat vaporized the water, which in turn increased P

and pushed air out of the can.
-When the can was inverted the water vapor quickly
cooled. This caused a quick drop in P (created a partial
vacuum because essentially no air was left to maintain
P).
-The atmospheric P outside of the can was much greater
than P inside of the can, which allowed the can to be
crushed.
43

Section 5.6

THE KINETIC MOLECULAR

THEORY OF GASES
44

Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT)Explains Behavior & Properties of Gases

1. Gases are made up of molecules or atoms.
2. V of particles can be ignored (very small in
3.

4.
45
5.

5.

comparison to distance b/t particles).

Particles constantly move and collide with
each other and the walls of the container.
Collisions with the walls of the container
cause P of the gas.
Particles dont attract or repel each other;
when they collide, its elastic (no KE is lostits transferred).
The average KE is proportional to the Kelvin T.

KMT Cont.
Assumes gases are ideal.
BUT no gases are truly ideal- they
only approach ideal behavior
(specifically nonpolar gases at low P
and high T).
In reality, gases DO have V (although
small), and they CAN interact with
each other.
Even so, assuming ideal behavior
gives us good enough answers
about properties of gases.

46

KMT

47

#3 describes motion; lets quantify it:

urms = (3RT/mmolar)
Large! For H2 at
urms is root mean square velocity
20C = 2,000m/s
R value used is 8.314J/molK
molar mass in kg/mol (b/c J = kgm2/s2)
#5: KE per mole (average KE) = 3/2 RT
- Recall definition of T! Directly related!
- Units: J/mol
KE per molecule = mv2 this is the only equation
given on AP exam!
- Units: J

Root Mean Square Velocity

Example
What is the root mean square
velocity for the atoms in a sample of
He gas at 25C?
Convert T to K: 25 + 273 = 298K
M = 4.00g/mol 0.004000kg/mol
urms = 136m/s

48

Range of velocities
The average distance a molecule travels
between collisions with another gas
particle is called the mean free path and is
small (near 10-7)
Results in a range of velocities.
Temperature is an average. There are
molecules of many speeds in the average.
This is shown on a graph called a velocity
distribution.

49

Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution

number of particles

273 K

50

1273 K

Notice that with higher

T, average velocities
increase and so does
the velocity range.

2273 K

Molecular Velocity

AP Practice Question
Two balloons are at the same T and P.
One contains 14g of nitrogen and the
other contains 20.0g of argon. Which of
the following is true?
a)D

of N2 > D of Ar
b)Average speed of N2 > average speed of
Ar molecules
c)Average KE of N2 molecules > average
KE of Ar molecules
51
d)V of N2 container < V Ar

AP Practice Question
Increasing the T of an ideal gas from 50C
to 75C at constant V will cause which of
the following to increase for the gas?
a)average

molecular mass of the gas

b)average distance between molecules
c)average speed of the molecules
d)density of the gas
52

Section 6 Homework

53

Pg. 222-223 #78, 79, 82, 83

Section 5.7

EFFUSION AND DIFFUSION

54

Effusion
Passage of gas through a small hole,
into a vacuum.
Effusion rate = speed at which the
gas is transferred into the vacuum.
Grahams Law - the relative rates of
effusion are inversely proportional to
the square roots of the molar masses
of the gas particles.
Rate of effusion for gas 1
M2

Rate of effusion for gas 2

M1

55

Diffusion
The spreading of a gas through a room
(mixing of gases).
Slow considering molecules move at
hundreds of meters per second.
Slower movement is caused by collisions
with other molecules in the air.
Best estimate is Grahams Law.
Ratio is actually less.
More complex analysis required.

56

Section 7 Homework

57

Pg. 223 #86, 88

Sections 5.8 & 5.9

REAL GASES
58

Real Gases
Real molecules do take up space and
they do interact with each other
(especially polar molecules).
Need to add correction factors to the
ideal gas law to account for these.
a = correction factor for pressure
b = correction factor for volume

59

Volume Correction

The actual volume free to move in is less

because particles do take up some of the
volume.
More molecules will have more effect
(taking up more space).
Corrected volume V = V - nb
b is a constant that differs for each gas.

60

nRT

(V-nb)

Pressure Correction
Molecules are attracted to each otherpressure on the container will be less than
ideal gases.
Size of correction factor depends on the #
of molecules per liter (conc. of gas).
More molecules = closer together and
more likely to interact/attract.
Since two molecules interact, the effect
must be squared.

61

Pobserved = P - a

()
n
V

a=
proportionality
constant

All Together

Pobs= nRT
V

()

-a n

V-nb

Called the Van der Waals equation if

rearranged:
2

Pobs + a x V - nb nRT
Corrected
V
Corrected

Pressure
Volume

62

NOT given on
AP Equation
sheet!

Graphing Real Gases

63

For ideal gases

PV/nRT should
be 1 (since
both are equal
according to
ideal gas law).
Not seen for
real gases.
Notice the
effect of T on
ideal gas
behavior.

Graphing Real Gases

64

Deviation from
ideal behavior
depends on
identity of the
gas too.
Smaller,
nonpolar gases
exhibit more
ideal behavior.

Where Do Constants Come From?

a and b are experimentally
determined.
Different for each gas.
Bigger molecules have larger b.
a depends on both size and polarity.
Note: table of constants for some
gases is on pg. 210 in the book.

65

Graphing Real Gases

Take a closer look at H2 on the graph.

Most ideal behavior, so it has lowest a value
of the gases shown for Van der Waals
equation.
Lower a means less correction needed.
Thus it must have weak intermolecular forces.

66

Real gas behavior can tell us how big of a

role intermolecular forces play in
attraction between gas molecules.

AP Practice Question
The true volume of a real gas is smaller
than that calculated from the ideal gas
equation. This occurs because the ideal
gas equation does not consider which of
the following?
a)Attraction

between molecules
b)Shapes of molecules
c)Volume of molecules
d)Mass of molecules
67

AP Practice Question
Which of the following gases probably
shows the greatest deviation from
ideal gas behavior?
a)He
b)O2
c)SF4
d)SiH4
68

Sections 8&9 Homework

69

Pg. 223 #89, 90