SISTEM SARAF

OTONOM

Nervous System
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Somatic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

Parasympathetic division
- Sympathetic division
-

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Perbedaan voluntary somatic nervous

system (otot skelet) dengan autonomic
nervous system
Somatic division
Cell bodies of motor
neurons reside in
CNS (brain or spinal
cord)
Their axons
(sheathed in spinal
nerves) extend all
the way to their
skeletal muscles

Autonomic
chains ofsystem
two

motor neurons

1st = preganglionic
neuron (in brain or
cord)
2nd =
ganglionic/postgang
lionic neuron (cell
body in ganglion
outside CNS)
Slower because
lightly or
unmyelinated

 Axon neuron pertama

(preganglionic) meninggalkan CNS
untuk bersinaps dengan neuron
kedua (postganglionic)
Axon neuron kedua
(postganglionic)
menuju
organ
Diagram contrasts somatic
(lower) and
autonomic:
yang dipersarafinya
this dorsal
root
ganglion is
sensory

autonomic

somatic

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DIVISI ANS
Parasympathetic division
Sympathetic division
Serve most of the same organs but cause
opposing or antagonistic effects
Parasysmpathetic: routine maintenance
rest &digest
Sympathetic: mobilization & increased
metabolism fight, flight or fright or
fight, flight or freeze
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Where they come from

Parasympa
thetic:
craniosacral

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Sympathetic:
thoracolumb
ar

Parasympathetic nervous system

rest & digest
Disebut jg system craniosacral karena
semua neuron preganglionicnya terdapat
di batang otak atau segmen sacral medula
spinalis
Cranial nerves III,VII, IX and X
In lateral horn of gray matter from S2-S4

Hanya inervasi organ internal (kulit tidak)

preganglionic fibers panjang dan
postganglionic fibers pendek
Neurotransmitter pada neuron preganglion
dan postganglion adalah Acetylcholine :
cholinergic
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 Cranial outflow
III - Ciliary ganglion : pupils constrict
VII - Pterygopalatine ganglion, Submandibular ganglion :
tears, nasal mucus, saliva
IX Otic ganglion : parotid salivary gland
X (Vagus n) visceral organs of thorax & abdomen:
Stimulates digestive glands
Increases motility of smooth muscle of digestive tract
Decreases heart rate
Causes bronchial constriction

Sacral outflow (S2-4): form pelvic splanchnic

nerves
Supply 2nd half of large intestine
Supply all the pelvic (genitourinary) organs

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GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF THE

PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION

Constriction of the pupils,

Secretion by digestive glands, including salivary glands,
gastric glands, duodenal glands, intestinal glands, the
pancreas, and the liver.
The secretion of hormones that promote the absorption and
utilization of nutrients by peripheral cells.
An increase in smooth muscle activity along the digestive
tract.
The stimulation and coordination of defecation.
Contraction of the urinary bladder during urination.
Constriction of the respiratory passageways.
A reduction in heart rate and in the force of contraction.
Sexual arousal and the stimulation of sexual glands in both
genders.

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Parasympathetic

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Sympathetic nervous system

fight, flight or fright
Disebut juga system thoracolumbar :
semua neuron terdapat di lateral horn of
gray matter from T1-L2
Preganglionic fibers pendek,
postganglionic fibers panjang kecuali di
medula adrenal
Neurotransmitter
Neuron preganglionic : acetylcholine,
Neuron postganglionic :
Norepinephrine/noradrenaline : adrenergic
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Neuron postganglionic
Sympathetic chain ganglia/paravertebral
ganglia /lateral ganglia, lie on both sides of the
vertebral column.
Collateral ganglia/prevertebral ganglia, are
anterior to the vertebral bodies
The adrenal medullae:
modified sympathetic ganglion.
have very short axons; neurotransmitters function as
hormones that affect target cells throughout the body.

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Sympathetic chain ganglia/paravertebral

ganglia
Superior cervical ganglion: Head &
heart
Middle cervical ganglion: Heart
Inferior cervical ganglion: Heart
control effectors in the body wall,
and in the head and limbs inside the
thoracic cavity

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Collateral ganglia/prevertebral ganglia

Celiac ganglion: stomach,spleen, liver,
kidney, small Intestine
Superior mesenteric ganglion: small
intestine & colon
Inferior mesenteric ganglion:distal
colon, rectum, urinary bladder,genital
organs
ganglionic neurons innervate tissues
and organs in the abdomino pelvic
cavity.
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The adrenal medullae

Adrenal gland is exception
On top of kidneys
Adrenal medulla (inside part) is a major
organ of the sympathetic nervous system
Synapse in gland
Can cause body-wide release of adrenaline
and noradrenaline in an extreme emergency
(adrenaline rush or surge)
when stimulated, they release their
neurotransmitters into the bloodstream.
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Fungsi

when nervous, you sweat;

when afraid, hair stands on end;
when excited blood pressure rises
(vasoconstriction): these sympathetic only
Also causes:

dry mouth,
pupils to dilate,
increased heart & respiratory rates to increase
O2 to skeletal muscles, and liver to release
glucose

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Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

Widespread (sweat
glands, arrector pili
muscles, blood
vessels)

Limited (viscera &

some blood vessels)

Outflow from CNS Thoracolumbar (T1-

Craniosacral (Nerves
III, VII, IX, X, S2-S4)

Location of
ganglia

Paravertebral &
prevertebral

Terminal ganglia

Close to CNS

Close/within viscera

Distribution

L2)

Divergence

Pre-ganglionic >20 Pre-ganglionic 4-5

post-ganglionic
post-ganglionic
many effectors
single effectors

ACh
Pre-ganglionic
neurotransmitters
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ACh

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Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

NE (mostly) or ACh
ACh
Post-ganglionic
neurotransmitters (sweat glands, blood
vessels to skeletal
muscles)

Slow (by COMT or

Deactivation of
neurotransmitters MAO)

Rapid (AChesterase)

Physiological
effects

Rest-and-digest

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Fight-or-flight

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NEUROTRANSMITTERS & RECEPTORS

Cholinergic Neurons & Receptors
Nicotinic receptors (post-ganglionic neurons, motor
end plate) : excitation of the ganglionic neuron or
muscle fiber
Muscarinic receptors (effectors: smooth muscle,
cardiac muscle, glands, sweat glands, skeletal
muscle blood vessel) : produces longer-lasting
effects than stimulation of nicotinic receptors.

Adrenergic Neurons & Receptors

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1 - excitation
2 - inhibition
1 - excitation
2 - inhibition
3 - brown adipose tissue
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 Most vital organs receive dual

innervation: (sympathetic and the
parasympathetic divisions).
Dual innervation -> opposing effects.
Most evident in the digestive tract,
heart, and lungs.

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Dual innervation

The
The
The
The
The
The

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cardiac plexus
pulmonary plexus.
esophageal plexus
celiac plexus
inferior mesenteric plexus,
hypogastric plexus

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AUTONOMIC REFLEXES
Blood pressure, heart rate, ventricular
contraction, blood vessel diameter,
digestion (motility of GIT), defecation,
urination

Autonomic reflex arc

Receptor Sensory neuron Integrating
center (hypothalamus, brain stem, spinal
cord) Motor neurons Effector
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Summary

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Terima kasih.....

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