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Recall Lecture 7

Rectification transforming AC signal


into a signal with one polarity
Half wave rectifier

Full Wave Rectifier


Center tapped
Bridge

Rectifier Parameters
Relationship between the number of
turns of a step-down transformer and the
input/output voltages
=

The peak inverse voltage (PIV) of the diode is the peak


value of the voltage that a diode can withstand when it is
reversed biased
Duty Cycle: The fraction of the wave cycle over which the
diode is conducting.

Duty Cycle: The fraction of the wave


cycle over which the diode is
conducting.

EXAMPLE 1 Half Wave Rectifier


Determine the currents and voltages of the half-wave rectifier circuit.
Consider the half-wave rectifier circuit shown in Figure.
Assume VB = 6V, R = 120 , V = 0.6 V and vs(t) = 18.6 sin t.
Determine the peak diode current, maximum reverse-bias diode
voltage, the fraction of the wave cycle over which the diode is
conducting.

-VR + VB + 18.6 = 0
VR = 24.6 V
+

- VR
+

A simple half-wave battery charger


circuit

This node must


be at least 6.6V

6V

The peak inverse voltage (PIV) of the


diode is the peak value of the voltage
that a diode can withstand when it is
reversed biased

Type of
Rectifier

PIV

Half Wave

Peak value of the input secondary voltage, vs (peak)

Full Wave :
Center-Tapped

2vs (peak)- V

Full Wave:
Bridge

vs (peak) - V

Example: Half Wave


Rectifier
Given a half wave rectifier with input primary voltage, Vp = 80 sin
t and the transformer turns ratio, N1/N2 = 6. If the diode is ideal
diode, (V = 0V), determine the value of the peak inverse voltage.

1. Get the input of the secondary voltage:


=

80 / 6 = 13.33 V

2. PIV for half-wave = Peak value of the input voltage = 13.33


V

Example: Full Wave


Rectifiers
Calculate the transformer turns ratio and the PIV voltages for each type of
the full wave rectifier
a) center-tapped
b) bridge
Assume the input voltage of the transformer is 220 V (rms), 50 Hz from AC
main line source. The desired peak output voltage is 9 volt; also assume
diodes cut-in voltage = 0.6 V.

Solution: For the centre-tapped transformer circuit the peak


voltage of the transformer secondary is required
The peak output voltage = 9V
Output voltage, vo = vs - V
Hence, vs = 9 + 0.6 = 9.6V this is peak value! Must change to
rms value
Peak value = Vrms x 2
So, vs (rms) = 9.6 / 2 = 6.79 V
The turns ratio of the primary to each secondary winding is
The PIV of each diode: 2vs
= 18.6 V

(peak)

- V = 2(9.6) - 0.6 = 19.6 - 0.6

Solution: For the bridge transformer circuit the peak voltage of


the transformer secondary is required
The peak output voltage = 9V
Output voltage, vo= vs - 2V
this is peak value! Must change to rms value
Hence, vs = 9 + 1.2 = 10.2 V
Peak value = Vrms x 2

So, vs (rms) = 10.2 / 2 = 7.21 V


The turns ratio of the primary to each secondary
winding is
The PIV of each diode: vs (peak) - V = 10.2 - 0.6 =
9.6 V

Filters

A capacitor is added in parallel


with the load resistor of a halfwave rectifier to form a simple
filter circuit. At first there is no
charge across
the capacitor
st
During the 1 quarter positive
cycle, diode is forward
biased, and C charges up.

VC = VO = VS - V.

As VS falls back towards zero,


and into the negative cycle,
the capacitor discharges
through the resistor R. The
diode is reversed biased
( turned off)

If the RC time constant is


large, the voltage across the
capacitor discharges
exponentially.

Filters

During the next positive cycle of


the input voltage, there is a point
at which the input voltage is
greater than the capacitor
voltage, diode turns back on.

The diode remains on until the


input reaches its peak value
and the capacitor voltage is
completely recharged.

Vp

Quarter
cycle;
capacitor
charges up

Capacitor discharges
through R since
diode becomes off

VC = Vme

t / RC

Input voltage is
greater than the
capacitor voltage;
recharge before
discharging again

NOTE: Vm is the peak value of the capacitor voltage =


V - V
SinceP the capacitor filters out a large portion of the sinusoidal signal, it
is called a filter capacitor.

Ripple Voltage, and Diode Current


Vr = ripple voltage
T
p
T

Vr = VM VMe

-T/RC

where T = time of the


capacitor to discharge
to its lowest value

Vr = V M ( 1 e

-T/RC

Expand the
exponential in series,
Vr= ( VMT) / RC

Figure:Halfwaverectifierwithsmoothingcapacitor.

If the ripple is very small, we can approximate T = T p


Hence for half wave rectifier
Vr = ( VMTp) / RC
Vr = VM / ( f RC)

For

full wave rectifier

Vr = ( VM 0.5Tp) / RC
Vr = VM / ( 2 f RC)

MULTIPLE DIODE CIRCUITS

Example:
Cut-in voltage of each diode in the circuit shown in Figure is 0.65 V. If the input
voltage VI = 5 V, determine the value of R1 when the value of ID2 = 2ID1. Also find
the values of VI , ID1 and ID2. Assume that all diodes are forward-biased.

End of Chapter 3

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