Prinsip Dasar Manajemen

Risiko
OLEH: HENDRA

Outline
1. Definition
2. Risk Management Process

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Definisi

Risk = the likelihood of an unfavorable outcome that could range from minor
to severe.
Management = taking measures to minimize the unfavorable outcome or
accepting the unfavorable outcome.

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Definisi Risk Management

Risk management can be defined
as:
The management processes by which
the probable gains and associated with
an activity are identified, evaluated
and controlled.
The application of management policies
and procedure s for maximizing
opportunity and minimizing loss.
Management is a climate of uncertainty
The systematic application of
management policies, procedures, and
practices to the risk of identifying,
analyzing, evaluating, treating and
monitoring risk.
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The process involved with

identifying, analyzing, and
responding to risk. It
includes maximizing the
results of positive risks and
minimizing the
consequences of negative
events

Why Manage Risk? The Objectives of Risk

Management
Risk management is proactive rather than reactive
management.
Problems are foreseen and action taken to minimize losses.
In some areas, particularly those relating to planning and safety,
risk identification, evaluation and control is required by law.

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Why Manage Risk? The Objectives of Risk

Management
Benefits of Managing Risk
More effective strategic planning as a result of increased knowledge and
understanding of key risk exposures.
No costly surprise because you are preventing what is undesirable from occurring.
Better outcomes in terms of program effectiveness and efficiency.
Greater openness and transparency in decision making and ongoing management
processes.
A better preparedness for a facilitation of positive outcomes from internal and
external review and audit processes.

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Risk Management Process

The systematic application of management policies, procedures and
practices to the tasks of communicating, establishing the context,
identifying, analyzing, evaluating, treating, monitoring and reviewing risk

Risk management process (based on ISO 31000)

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Risk Management Process

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Risk Management Process

(a) Communicate and consult
Communicate and consult with internal and external stakeholders as
appropriate at each stage of the risk management process and
concerning the process as a whole.

(b) Establish the context

Establish the external, internal and risk management context in which
the rest of the process will take place. Criteria against which risk will be
evaluated should be established and the structure of the analysis
defined.

(c) Identify risks

Identify where, when, why and how events could prevent, degrade,
delay or enhance the achievement of the objectives.

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Risk Management Process

(d) Analyse risks
Identify and evaluate existing controls. Determine consequences and
likelihood and hence the level of risk. This analysis should consider the
range of potential consequences and how these could occur.

(e) Evaluate risks

Compare estimated levels of risk against the pre-established criteria
and consider the balance between potential benefits and adverse
outcomes. This enables decisions to be made about the extent and
nature of treatments required and about priorities.

(f) Treat risks

Develop and implement specific cost-effective strategies and action
plans for increasing potential benefits and reducing potential costs.

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Risk Management Process

(g) Monitor and review
It is necessary to monitor the effectiveness of all steps of the risk
management process. This is important for continuous improvement.
Risks and the effectiveness of treatment measures need to be
monitored to ensure changing circumstances do not alter priorities.
Risk management can be applied at many levels in an organization. It can be
applied at a strategic level and at tactical and operational levels. It may be
applied to specific projects, to assist with specific decisions or to manage specific
recognized risk areas.
For each stage of the process records should be kept to enable decisions to be
understood as part of a process of continual improvement.

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Risk Management Process - detail

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The Steps of Risk

Management

Establish the context

Risk Identification
Risk Analysis
Risk Evaluation
Risk Treatment

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Identifikasi Bahaya dan

Risiko
Identifikasi bahaya dan risiko merupakan langkah awal
dan penting dalam penerapan K3
Dengan melakukan identifikasi bahaya dan risiko di
tempat kerja akan membantu dalam menyusun dan
mengembangkan program K3 yang diperlukan

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Hal-hal yang diperhatikan

Jenis pekerjaan
Bahan-bahan yang digunakan
Mesin dan peralatan yang digunakan
Jumlah pekerja
Karakteristik bangunan dan gedung
Cara dan pola kerja
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Information for identifying

risks
Good quality information is important in identifying risks.
Some examples include:
Local or overseas experience.
Expert judgment.
Structured interviews.
Focus group discussions.
Strategic and business plans including SWOT analysis and environmental
scanning.
Insurance claims reports.
Post event reports.
Personal experience or past organizational experience.
Results and reports from audits, inspections and site visits.
Surveys and questionnaires.
Checklists.
Historical records, incident databases and analysis of failures and previous risk
registers if they exist.

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Tujuan Identifikasi Bahaya dan Risiko

Untuk mengetahui jenis bahaya dan risiko
Untuk mengetahui sumber bahaya dan risiko
Untuk mengetahui pekerja yang terpajan bahaya dan risiko
Untuk mengetahui besaran bahaya dan tingkat risiko
Untuk mengetahui pengendalian yang sudah dilakukan
Untuk mengetahui program yang diperlukan

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Metode Identifikasi Bahaya dan Risiko

Checklists

Stressor Analysis

Past data

Analysis of past failure

Audits

Even t trees

HAZOPS

Fault trees

FMEA

Human Error Analysis

What If Analysis

Critical Incident Analysis

Job safety analysis

Preliminary survey

Walk through survey

Spot sampling

Employee notification

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Risk Identification form example

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Pengukuran
Untuk mengetahui besaran bahaya dan risiko tertentu diperlukan
pengukuran dengan menggunakan alat ukur menurut jenis bahaya
dan risiko yang ada
Contoh:
Tingkat kebisingan, getaran, radiasi, pencahayaan, temperatur
Konsentrasi gas/uap kimia di udara lingkungan kerja
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Risk Analysis
The purpose of risk analysis is to gain a better understanding of
risks so as to be able to reduce adverse consequences.
The magnitude of risk depends on the severity of an outcome and
the likelihood that the outcome will happen.

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ANALYSE RISK
Determine Existing Controls
Determine
Likelihood

Determine
Consequences

Monito
r and
review

Establish Level of Risk

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Types of analysis
Qualitative analysis
Qualitative analysis uses words to describe the magnitude of potential
consequences and the likelihood that those consequences will occur.
These scales can be adapted or adjusted to suit the circumstances, and
different descriptions may be used for different risks.
Qualitative analysis may be used:
as an initial screening activity to identify risks which require more detailed
analysis;
where this kind of analysis is appropriate for decisions; or
where the numerical data or resources are inadequate for a quantitative
analysis.

Qualitative analysis should be informed by factual information and data

where available.
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Types of analysis
Semi-quantitative analysis
The objective is to produce a more expanded ranking scale than
is usually achieved in qualitative analysis, not to suggest
realistic values for risk such as is attempted in quantitative
analysis.
Care must be taken with the use of semi-quantitative analysis
because the numbers chosen may not properly reflect
relativities and this can lead to inconsistent, anomalous or
inappropriate outcomes

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Types of analysis
Quantitative analysis
Quantitative analysis uses numerical values (rather than the
descriptive scales used in qualitative and semi-quantitative
analysis) for both consequences and likelihood using data from
a variety of sources
The quality of the analysis depends on the accuracy and
completeness of the numerical values and the validity of the
models used

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Qualitative analysis is used:

To prioritize a range of risks
When there is insufficient data for a quantitative analysis
When the risk does not warrant the expenditure necessary for a
detailed quantitative analysis
When good decision can be made on the basis of the qualitative
analysis

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Severity Categories
Category

Degree

Description

Minor

Functional failure of part of machine or

process no potential for injury

II

Critical

Failure will probably occur without major

damage to system or serious injury

III

Major

Major damage to system and/or serious

injury potential to personnel

IV

Catastrophic

Failure cause complete system

and/or potential for fatal injury

loss

(from US Military standard)

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Likelihood Categories
Level

Description

Individual Failure Mode

Frequent

Likely to occur frequently

Probable

Will occur several times in the life of an

item

Occasional

Remote

Improbable

Likely to occur some time in life of an

item
Unlikely but possible
So unlikely that occurrence may not be
experienced

(from US Military standard)

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Risk Chart
A
High Risk

Pro bability
Level

Priority 1

C
D

Medium
Risk

Low Risk

Priority 2

Priority 3
I

(from US Military standard)

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II

III

IV

Severity Category
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Qualitative measures of likelihood

Level

Descriptor

Description

Almost Certain

The even is expected to occur in most

circumstances

Likely

The event will probably occur in most

circumstances

Moderate

The event should occur at some time

Unlikely

The event could occur

Australian
Standard 4360 Risk Management
E
Rare
The event will only occur in unlikely
circumstances

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Qualitative measures of consequences

Level

Descriptor

Description

Insignificant

No injuries, low financial loss

Minor

First aid required, on site release immediately

contained, medium financial loss

Moderate

Medical treatment required, on site release

contained with outside assistance, high financial
loss

Major

Extensive injuries, loss of production capability,

off site release but no detrimental consequences,
major financial loss

5
Catastrophic Death, toxic release off site, huge financial loss
Australian Standard 4360 Risk Management

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Risk Chart
Australian Standard 4360 Risk Management
Consequences
Likelihood

H
S
M
L

=
=
=
=

Insignificant
1

Minor
2

Moderate
3

Major
4

Catastrophic
5

Almost Certain

Likely

Moderate

Unlikely

Rare

High Risk , detailed research and management planning required at senior level
Significant risk, Senior management attention needed
Moderate Risk, management responsibility must be specified
Low Risk, manage by routine procedures

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Semi Quantitative- Consequences Category

Consequences = possible outcomes of event
Category

Description

Ranking

Catastrophe

Multiple fatalities damage over $ 1 million, closure of activity,

permanent extensive damage environmental

100

Disaster

Fatality, permanent local damage to environment, loss $

500,000 - $ 1,000,000

50

Very Serious

Permanent disability/ill health, non permanent environmental

damage $ 50,000 - $ 500,000 loss

25

Serious

Serious but non permanent injury or ill health adverse effect

on environment $5,000 - $50,000 loss

15

Important

Medical attention needed, off site emission but no damage.

$500 - $5,000 loss

Noticeable

Minor cuts and bruises or sickness, minor damage < $500

short loss of production, small loss of containment no off site
consequences

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Semi Quantitative - Exposure Category

Exposure = frequency of exposure to the hazard
Category

Description

Ranking

Continuously

Many times daily

Frequently

Approximately once daily

Occasionally

Once a week to once a month

Infrequent

Once a month to once a year

Rare

Has been known to occur

Very Rare

Not known to have occurred

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10

0,5

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Semi Quantitative - Likelihood Category

Likelihood = likelihood the particular consequence follows the event
Category

Description

Almost Certain

The most likely outcome if the event

occurs

Likely

Not unusual perhaps 50-50 chance

Unusual but possible

Ranking
10
6
3

Remotely Possible

A possible coincidence

Conceivable

Has never happened in years of

exposure but is possible

0,5

Practically impossible

Not to knowledge ever happened

anywhere

0,1

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Semi quantitative level of

risk
Risk

Consequences x Exposure x Likelihood

CxExL

Risk Level

Comment

> 350

Very High

Stop activity until risk reduced

180 350

Priority 1

Deal with immediately

70 180

Substantial

Correction required

20 70

Priority 3

Attention indicated

< 20

Acceptable

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Action

Make as
practical

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low

as

reasonable

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Evaluasi Bahaya dan Risiko

Evaluasi risiko dilakukan sebagai tindak lanjut dari proses
analisis risiko untuk memutuskan tindakan selanjutnya
(Pengendalian Risiko)
Tindak lanjut dapat berupa:
Apakah risiko yang ada memerlukan pengendalian.
Tindakan apa saja yang harus dilakukan.
Prioritas risiko yang akan dikendalikan.

Nilai risiko yang diperoleh dari hasil analisis dibandingkan

dengan kriteria yang ditetapkan tentang batasan risiko yang
bisa ditolerir dan tidak.

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Tujuan Evaluasi Bahaya dan Risiko

Untuk mengetahui level dan prioritas bahaya dan risiko di tempat
kerja
Mengetahui tindakan pengendalian/program K3 yang diperlukan
The purpose of risk evaluation is to make decisions, based on the
outcomes of risk analysis, about which risks need treatment and
treatment priorities.

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Kriteria
Dalam melakukan evaluasi terhadap bahaya dan risiko diperlukan
kriteria untuk menentukan prioritas
Tingkat risiko yang bisa di terima (tolerable risk) merupakan salah
satu kriteria yang umum digunakan dalam mengevaluasi bahaya
dan risiko

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Judgment dalam evaluasi

Judgment terhadap bahaya dan risiko sangat dipengaruhi
oleh:
an individuals familiarity with the risk,
their trust in the effectiveness of exiting risk controls, and
their perceptions of the risks and benefits of the activity.

The same risk may seem negligible to one person and very
high to another.
The criteria should therefore try to represent an objective
view, taking account of the needs of all those affected, and
also the people actually subjected to the risk.

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Risk Evaluation Methods

Economic Evaluation
Estimating the expected health benefits and anticipated cost of control
associated with varying degrees of reduction in risk, using monetary
criteria

Social Evaluation
Characterizing the social issues that reflect value judgments and societal
preference, as well as the factors that influence political perceptions of
equity and fairness

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Risk Treatment - Hirarki

1.

Eliminate the hazard altogether.

For example get rid of the dangerous machine.

2.

Substitute the hazard with a safer alternative.

For example replace the machine with a safer one.

3.

Isolate the hazard from anyone who could be harmed.

For example keep the machine in a closed room and operate it remotely.

4.

Use engineering controls to reduce the risk.

For example attach guards to the machine to protect users.

5.

Use administrative controls to reduce the risk.

For example train workers how to use the machine safely.

6.

Use personal protective equipment (PPE).

For example wear gloves and goggles when using the machine.
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Risk Treatment Options

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Risk Treatment

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Terima Kasih