Review 2

Chemical Bonding
Chemical Reactions
Acids and Bases
Organic Chemistry
Polymers

 Basis of Chemical Bonding the Octet Rule

Valence electrons and Octet configuration
Lewis dot structures of atoms, ionic compounds and
covalent compounds
Concept of valence
Number of Covalent Bonds an atom needs to form
to reach Octet electronic configuration

Valence of common elements C, H, O, N (4, 1, 2, 3)

Ionic Compounds and Ionic Bonds

Ionic Compounds Form between Metal Elements
and
non-Metal Elements;
-

Metals lose electrons to become cations

non-metals gain electrons to become anions
in order to reach stable octet configurations
(inert gas
configurations)
- The products are ionic compounds (salts).
-

In ionic compounds, cations and anions form ionic

Names of Ionic Compounds

Metal name plus anion (nonmetal -ide)
NaCl: sodium chloride
MgO: magnesium oxide
Al2O3 aluminum oxide
CaF2 calcium fluoride

Writing Formula of Ionic Compounds

Charge must be balanced
Na+, Li+, Mg2+, Al3+, O2-, Cl-, O2MgO, but MgCl2, Al2O3

IONIC COMPOUNDS WITH POLYATOMIC IONS

- Sodium (Na) and Nitrate Ion (NO3-): Na+ and NO3NaNO3

sodium nitrate

- Sodium (Na) and Sulfate Ion (SO42-): Na+ and SO42Na2SO4 sodium sulfate
- Calcium (Ca) and Nitrate Ion (NO3-): Ca2+ and NO3Ca(NO3)2

calcium nitrate

- Sodium (Na) and Carbonate Ion (CO32-): Na+ and CO32Na2CO3

sodium carbonate (cleaning powder)

Covalent Bonds
- Two non-metal elements share electron pairs to gain octet
structures
- non-polar covalent bonds (electrons shared equally)
- Polar covalent bonds (electrons shared not equally)
In polar covalent bond
- more electronegative elements share more electrons, partial
negative charges
- less electronegative elements share less electrons, partially
positive charges
-Valence (H, Cl, Br, I = 1; O, S = 2; N = 3; C = 4)
-Draw Lewis dot structure of covalent bonds
-Single bond (share 1 pair electrons)
-double bond (share 2 pair of electrons)
-triple bond (share 3 pair of electrons)

Valence (only refers to covalent compounds)

- # bonds to form (share electron pairs) to
reach 8-electron configuration
The valence of Si is 4. How many covalent
bonds must Si form to reach 8e structure?
Is SiH2 a correct formula for silicon hydride?
No, should be SiH4

H
H Si
H

Na

Mg

Al

Writing Lewis Dot Structures for ionic

compounds
only show valence electrons,
- start with Dot structure of atoms

Cl

+ 2 Cl
+3 O
Atoms

->
->
->

Na [ Cl ]
2+

Mg [ Cl ]2
3+

Al2 [ O ]

Ionic Compounds

23

Draw Lewis structures for each of the

following elements. Which element is most
chemically stable?
C Ne Ca
O Cl

Draw a Lewis structure for each of the

following ionic Compounds,
KCl, CaO, CaCl2

Name the above compounds

Lewis dot structures for KCl, CaO, CaCl2

Name the above compounds

Potassium chloride, calcium oxide, calcium chloride

Drawing Lewis Dot Structures of Covalent

Compounds
start with dot structures of atoms

Cl2
O2
N2

Lewis Dot Structures of covalent compounds start with dot

structures of atoms

HCl
CO
CO2
CH4
H 2O

In what ways is water unique? What about the water molecules that
causes the unique properties of water

Answer
Water small but high boiling point and high melting point, due to
hydrogen bonding

Chemical Reactions

Terminology: reactants, products, reaction conditions

reaction condition

2 H2 + O2
Reactant(s)

ignition

2 H 2O

Product(s)

Chemical equations balance them (balance of atoms, mass, charge)

Meaning of a balanced chemical equation

Formula weight:
C
12g/mol
2C + O2
O2 32g/mol
2CO
(2x16 = 32)
2 mol
2 mol 1 mol
CO 28g/mol
2 moles of C react with 1 mole of O2 to produce 2 moles of CO (12+16 = 44)

24 g of C react with 32 g of O2 to produce 56 g of CO (why?)

Balance the following chemical reactions

S

C3 H 8

O2

O2

SO3

CO2 + H2O

propane

C8H18

O2

CO2 + H2O

gasoline

SO2

H 2O

SO2

O2

Al2O3

H2SO4
SO3

Al + O2

NaOH + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + H2O

Solutions (Balance the following chemical reactions)

2S

3O2

2SO3

C 3H 8

5O2

3CO2 + 4H2O

propane

2C8H18

+ 25 O2

16CO2 + 18H2O

gasoline

SO3
2 SO2

+
+

2 Al2O3

H 2O

H2SO4

O2

2 SO3

4 Al + 3 O2

2NaOH + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2H2O

The combustion of gasoline is represented by the following

equation:

2 C8H18 + 25 O2 16 CO2 + 18 H2O

Given 1 gallon of gasoline is approximately 25 moles of
isooctane (C8H18). Burning of 1 gallon of gasoline will produce
how many moles of CO2 ?

50 mol
100 mol
150 mol
200 mol

The combustion of gasoline is represented by the following

equation:

2 C8H18 + 25 O2 16 CO2 + 18 H2O

Given 1 gallon of gasoline is approximately 25 moles of
isooctane (C8H18). Burning of 1 gallon of gasoline will produce
how many moles of CO2 ?

50 mol
100 mol
150 mol
200 mol

ion: by reaction equation, 2 moles of gasoline produce 16 moles of CO 2

therefore 25 moles (1 gallon) will produce 25mole x (16/2) = 200 moles of

Acids and Bases

Acids: produce proton (H+) ions in aqueous solution

Bases: produce hydroxide ions (OH-) in aqueous solution

Strong acids completely ionize to H+ in aqueous solution

Week acids partially ionizes in aqueous solutions

Strong bases completely ionize to OH- in aqueous solution

Week bases partially ionizes into OH- aqueous solutions

HCI (aq) H+(aq) + CI-(aq)

Strong acid

week acid

NaOH (aq) Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)

Strong base

NH3.H2O NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)

Week base

Neutralization

Neutralization: acids and bases react with each other to form

water
I mole of H+ neutralize 1 mole of OH-

H+ +

OH- H2O

HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O

H2SO4 + 2NaOH 2 NaCl + 2H2O

Balance equations

Neutralization
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
2 HCl + Ca(OH)2 CaCl2 + 2H2O
H2SO4+ 2 NaOH Na2SO4 + 2H2O
1 mole of OH- will neutralize 1 mole of H+

To neutralize 1 mole of HCl, you need 1 moles

of NaOH
To neutralize 1 mole of HCl, you need 0.5 mole
of Ca(OH)2
To neutralize 1 mole of H2SO4, you need 2

Questions
The ideal pH of a swimming pool is 7.2. You measure
the pH of your pool to be 7.9. What should you add,
acid or base, to restore your pool to the ideal pH?
A pH of 7.9 is too basic compared to the ideal pH of 7.2.
Adding the right amount of acid will drop the pH to 7.2.

How many moles of NaOH is needed to neutralize a solution

containing 0.10 moles of HCl.
a. 1 mole
b. 2 moles
c. 0.1 mole
d.0.2 mole

How many grams of NaOH is needed to neutralize a solution

containing 3.65g of HCl. The formula mass of HCl is 36.5g/mol.
The formula mass of NaOH is 40.0g/mol.
a. 3.65g
b. 0.40g
c. 0.36g
d.4.0g

How many moles of NaOH is needed to neutralize a solution

containing 0.10 moles of HCl.
a. 1 mole
b. 2 moles
c. 0.1 mole
d.0.2 mole

How many grams of NaOH is needed to neutralize a solution

containing 3.65g of HCl. The formula mass of HCl is 3.65g/mol.
The formula mass of NaOH is 40.0g/mol.
a. 3.65g
b. 0.40g
c. 0.36g
d.4.0g

pH Scale

pH = -log [H+]

[H+] = moles of protons / volume (in liters)

Aqueous solution, pH 0 -14

[H+] x [OH-] = 10-14

Neutral solution, pH = 7, [H+] = [OH-] = 10-7

Acidic solution, pH < 7 more H+ than OHBasic solution pH >7
more OH- than H+

[H+] = 1.0 10-1 M

[H+] = 1.0 10-14 M

Questions

If you dissolve 0.10 mole HCl in 1L of water, what is the pH

If you dissolve 3.65g of HCl in 1L of water, what is the pH

HCl H+ + ClStep 1: calculate the concentration of H+

HCl formula mass is 35.5 + 1 = 36.5 g/mol
3.65g HCl is 3.65g / 36.5 (g/mol) = 0.10 mol
In water, HCl completely ionize to produce 0.10
mole
H+0.10 mole/1L = 0.10 M
[H+of
]=
Step 2: calculate pH
pH = -log [H+] = - log [0.10 ] = 1

Questions

If you dissolve 0.10 mole of NaOH in 1 liter of water, calculate

the pH
NaOH (aq) Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)
Step 1: calculate the con of OH[OH-] = 0.10 mole/1L = 0.10 M

Step 2: calculate the con of H+

Because [H+] x [OH-] = 10-14 M
[H+] = 10-14 / 0.10 = 10-13 M

Step 3: calculate pH
pH = -log [H+] = - log [10-13 ] = 13

Acid Rain

Formed by SOx (from coal burning, most coal contains sulfur)

and NOx (combustion in air, 78% of which is nitrogen N 2)

Eastern US low pH in lakes and streams, no enough natural

limestone for neutralization
Effects of acid rain structure, aquatic life, forest

How to control / reduce acid rain?

Organic Chemistry/POlymers
Special properties of Carbon:
Always form 4 bonds (4 valence)
Can form single (counts as 1 bond), double (counts as 2 bonds) and triple
bonds (counts as 3 bonds)
Can form long chains, rings and isomers
Hydrocarbons name them, classify them (alkanes, alkenes alkynes)
Hydrocarbons know three type of structure presentations (full structure,
condensed structure, stick-n-point structures)
Know the compound classes: alcohols, acids, esters, aldehydes, ethers,
CFCs
Know the compounds: amines, amino acids, sugars
Recognize structures of common plastics (polymers)

HYDROCARBON NOMENCLATURE
NAMING PREFIXES = CARBON NUMBER

# of C
meth
eth
prop
but
pent

=
=
=
=
=

1
2
3
4
5

# of C
hex
hept
oct
non
dec

=
=
=
=
=

6
7
8
9
10

 Name the following compounds

 Name the following compounds

Solutions
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.

Cyclopentane
Pentane
Isopentane
Butane
Hexene
Cyclohexene
pentyne

Organic Chemistry - Study of Carbons

Know the compound classes: alcohols, acids, esters, aldehydes, ethers

ROH

RCO2H RCO2R

Know the effects of CFCs (ozone depletion)

Cl2FCF3

Know the compounds: amines, amino acids, sugars

Recognize structures of common plastics (polymers)

RCHO

ROR

 Which compounds below are alcohols? Esters? Acids? Name the following
compounds

H2SO4

+ 3
H2O

One molecule can be classified into more than one type of compounds
ester

acid
Aspirin is an acid. It is an ester too.

A segment of the polymer PVC (Polyvinyl chloride) is

shown below. What is the monomer of PVC? Draw
the structure

H H H H H H
C C C C C C
H Cl H Cl H Cl

Cl

The benefits of recycling plastics are many. Which

one of the followings is NOT one of the benefit:
Save fossil fuels
Save energy
Reduce wastes and protect environment
Protect ozone layer.