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Kristine Novero-McCaslin
Cavite State University
CLONING
Production of genetically identical individuals that have
identical nuclear DNA
CLONING TECHNOLOGIES
1.
DNA cloning
Molecular cloning
Gene cloning
2.
Reproductive cloning
3.
Therapeutic cloning
Embryo cloning
DNA CLONING
Transfer of a DNA fragment of interest from one
organism to a self-replicating genetic element such as a
bacterial plasmid
Plasmids
Self-replicating extra-chromosomal circular DNA molecules, distinct from normal bacterial
genome
REPRODUCTIVE CLONING
A technology used to generate an animal that has same
nuclear DNA as another currently or previously existing
animal
Carrot first plant to be cloned in the 1950s
Dolly first mammal to be cloned in 1996
How Is Reproductive Cloning Done?
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)
DOLLY PARTON
Younger
Older
SCNT
Starts with removal of polar body and chromosomes from
an oocyte
Enucleated oocyte
SCNT
Oocyte and donor cell are fused and activated by an
electric pulse to begin cell division
Developed embryos transferred to surrogate females
Birth of an individual
SCNT
Sources of somatic cells
Cell from individual
Cells grown in culture
Frozen tissue
THERAPEUTIC CLONING
Production of human embryos for use in research
Goal
To harvest stem cells that can be used to study human development and to treat disease
THERAPEUTIC CLONING
Stem cells
Cells have ability to divide and give rise to both specialized cells and more stem cells
Derived from
Adults
Preimplantation embryos (Embryonic stem cells)
STEM CELLS
Replacement cells to treat
Heart disease
Alzheimer's
Cancer
Diabetes
Parkinson's disease
Spinal cord injury
PRODUCTION OF
PHARMACEUTICALS
Gene expressing human coagulation factor IX introduced
into bovine fetal broblasts
linked to another gene with a high level of expression in
mammary gland
Protein expressed in milk
PRODUCTION OF
PHARMACEUTICALS
Insulin for diabetes
Interferon for viral infections
Tissue plasminogen activator (which dissolves blood
clots)
XENOTRANSPLANTATION
Aim:
To develop animals whose organs will not cause an immunological response and destroy
transplanted tissue when transferred to humans
XENOTRANSPLANTATION
Pig organs
Hearts, lungs, kidneys, liver
Neural tissue for Parkinson's
Islets cells for diabetes patients
IMPROVEMENT OF LIVESTOCK
Cloning animal with excellent traits
Production of a large number of clones from high quality
animals
Allow overall genetic improvement of herd
ANIMAL CLONING
Sheep, cattle, goats, pigs, and mice
Cloning efforts in rabbits, rats, cats, dogs, and horses are
ongoing
RISKS OF CLONING
Reproductive cloning expensive and highly inefficient
> 90% of cloning attempts fail to produce viable offspring
RISKS OF CLONING
High rate of fetal loss during pregnancy
Compromised immune function
Higher rates of infection
Tumor growth
Early neonatal death
Abnormally large at birth
Die mysteriously
RISKS OF CLONING
Cloned fetuses have abnormalities
Abnormal placentation
Pregnancy toxemia
Hydroallantois