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CLONING

Kristine Novero-McCaslin
Cavite State University

CLONING
Production of genetically identical individuals that have
identical nuclear DNA

CLONING TECHNOLOGIES
1.

Recombinant DNA technology

DNA cloning

Molecular cloning

Gene cloning

2.

Reproductive cloning

3.

Therapeutic cloning

Embryo cloning

DNA CLONING
Transfer of a DNA fragment of interest from one
organism to a self-replicating genetic element such as a
bacterial plasmid
Plasmids
Self-replicating extra-chromosomal circular DNA molecules, distinct from normal bacterial
genome

DNA CLONING - USES


Gene therapy
Genetic engineering of organisms
Genome sequencing

REPRODUCTIVE CLONING
A technology used to generate an animal that has same
nuclear DNA as another currently or previously existing
animal
Carrot first plant to be cloned in the 1950s
Dolly first mammal to be cloned in 1996
How Is Reproductive Cloning Done?
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)

DOLLY THE SHEEP

DOLLY PARTON

Younger

Older

SCNT
Starts with removal of polar body and chromosomes from
an oocyte
Enucleated oocyte

Donor cell then inserted into perivitelline space of


enucleated oocyte

SCNT
Oocyte and donor cell are fused and activated by an
electric pulse to begin cell division
Developed embryos transferred to surrogate females
Birth of an individual

SCNT
Sources of somatic cells
Cell from individual
Cells grown in culture
Frozen tissue

THERAPEUTIC CLONING
Production of human embryos for use in research
Goal
To harvest stem cells that can be used to study human development and to treat disease

THERAPEUTIC CLONING

Stem cells

Cells have ability to divide and give rise to both specialized cells and more stem cells

Derived from
Adults
Preimplantation embryos (Embryonic stem cells)

STEM CELLS
Replacement cells to treat
Heart disease
Alzheimer's
Cancer
Diabetes
Parkinson's disease
Spinal cord injury

SCNT- POTENTIAL BIOTECHNOLOGICAL


APPLICATIONS
Harvesting donor cells from transgenic animal
Genetic modification of cultured donor cells prior to
nuclear transfer
Producing genetically modied cloned offspring

GENETICALLY MODIED CLONED


OFFSPRING
Biotechnological applications
Production of pharmaceuticals
Xenotransplantation
Study and eradication of human disease
Improvement of livestock

PRODUCTION OF
PHARMACEUTICALS
Gene expressing human coagulation factor IX introduced
into bovine fetal broblasts
linked to another gene with a high level of expression in
mammary gland
Protein expressed in milk

PRODUCTION OF
PHARMACEUTICALS
Insulin for diabetes
Interferon for viral infections
Tissue plasminogen activator (which dissolves blood
clots)

XENOTRANSPLANTATION
Aim:
To develop animals whose organs will not cause an immunological response and destroy
transplanted tissue when transferred to humans

XENOTRANSPLANTATION
Pig organs
Hearts, lungs, kidneys, liver
Neural tissue for Parkinson's
Islets cells for diabetes patients

STUDY HUMAN DISEASE


Sheep model to investigate human cystic brosis
Cloned sheep used for drug testing and to evaluate new
therapies

IMPROVEMENT OF LIVESTOCK
Cloning animal with excellent traits
Production of a large number of clones from high quality
animals
Allow overall genetic improvement of herd

Repopulate endangered animals

ANIMAL CLONING
Sheep, cattle, goats, pigs, and mice
Cloning efforts in rabbits, rats, cats, dogs, and horses are
ongoing

RISKS OF CLONING
Reproductive cloning expensive and highly inefficient
> 90% of cloning attempts fail to produce viable offspring

RISKS OF CLONING
High rate of fetal loss during pregnancy
Compromised immune function
Higher rates of infection
Tumor growth
Early neonatal death
Abnormally large at birth
Die mysteriously

RISKS OF CLONING
Cloned fetuses have abnormalities
Abnormal placentation
Pregnancy toxemia
Hydroallantois

SHOULD HUMANS BE CLONED?


Due to
Inefficiency of animal cloning
Lack of understanding about reproductive cloning
Risks of cloning

SHOULD HUMANS BE CLONED?


Unethical to attempt to clone humans
Same problems would be expected in human cloning
We do not know how cloning could impact mental development

SHOULD HUMANS BE CLONED?


High risk to health of fetus or infant and mother
Psychological risks for mother as a result of
Late spontaneous abortions
Birth of a stillborn child
Birth of a child with severe health problems

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