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###########=####R###############################################LEARNING
OBJECTIVES####################################################Statistical tools
in quality improvementUnderstand how a control chart is used to detect assignable
causesUnderstand how to apply pattern analysisConstruct and interpret control
charts for variablesConstruct and interpret control charts for attributesCalculate
and interpret process capability ratios XConstruct and interpret a cumulative sum
control chartUse other statistical process
control###,############P#2#####################^################################
######################Importance of
Quality#########################################(###Quality of products and
services has become a major decision Consider quality of equal importance to cost
and scheduleQuality improvement has become a major concern to many U.S.
corporationsStatistical quality control, a collection of tools that are essential
in quality improvement
activities#######)#########Z#)#################################################
###Definition of Quality#########################(##################Quality
means fitness for useExpect that the products we buy will meet our requirements
Requirements define fitness for useDetermined through the interaction of quality of
design and quality of conformanceQuality of design Different grades or levels of
performance, reliability, serviceabilityQuality of conformanceSystematic reduction
of variability and elimination of defects
###############Z#G#########Z###########Z#?
#########Z###########Z############################################################
################G##################################################################
########################################################################Quality
Improvement##############o###Means the systematic elimination of wasteWaste
include Scrap and rework in manufacturing, inspection and testing, warranty costs,
and the time required to do things over againCan eliminate much of this wasteLead
to lower costs, higher productivity, increased customer satisfaction, increased
business reputation, higher market share, and ultimately higher
profits###j###9#########y#########!
##################################################y#########!
#############################

#################################'###History of Statistical Quality Control

#######(#########(#######(###############h###Defined as those statistical
methodsDates back to the 1920sShewhart was one of the early pioneersA modern
control chart, one of the tools of SPCDodge and Romig provided much of the
leadership Work of these forms much of the basis of the SPCWorld War II saw the
widespread of these methodsDeming and Juran have been instrumental in spreading SPC
methods
#######i#########P#i############>###=#################Y#########################
#########2####################################################Japanese and
American Industry#########################(##################Japanese have been
successful in deploying SPC methodsAmerican industry suffered extensively from
Japanese competitionMany U.S. companies have begun programs to implement these
methods
###*############w#####################D########################################
##########
###Online SPC############################################Product must be built
right the first timeManufacturing process must be capable of operating with little
variabilityOnline SPC is a powerful toolThink of statistical process control (SPC)
as a set of problem-solving toolsMajor tools of SPCHistogram, Pareto chart, Causeand-effect diagram, Defect-concentration diagram, Control chart, Scatter diagram,
and Check sheetControl chart is the most powerful of the SPC tools
###X############Z##########Z#5#########Z##########"###########5###############
###5##################################################'###Natural Variability or
Background Noise#######(#########(#########$##################C#e#r#t#a#i#n#
#a#m#o#u#n#t# #o#f# #n#a#t#u#r#a#l# #v#a#r#i#a#b#i#l#i#t#y# #a#l#w#a#y#s#
#e#x#i#s#t##C#u#m#u#l#a#t#i#v#e# #e#f#f#e#c#t# #o#f# #m#a#n#y#
#u#n#a#v#o#i#d#a#b#l#e# #c#a#u#s#e#s##W#h#e#n# #i#t# #i#s# #s#m#a#l#l#,# #w#e#
#c#o#n#s#i#d#e#r# #i#t# #a#c#c#e#p#t#a#b#l#e##C#a#l#l#e#d# #a# ## s#t#a#b#l#e#
#s#y#s#t#e#m# #o#f# #c#h#a#n#c#e# #c#a#u#s#e#s#.## ##O#p#e#r#a#t#i#n#g# #w#i#t#h#
#o#n#l#y# #c#h#a#n#c#e# #c#a#u#s#e#s# #o#f# #v#a#r#i#a#t#i#o#n# #p#r#e#s#e#n#t#
#i#s# #s#a#i#d# #t#o# #b#e# #i#n# #s#t#a#t#i#s#t#i#c#a#l# #c#o#n#t#r#o#l#
#C#h#a#n#c#e# #c#a#u#s#e#s# #a#r#e# #a#n# #i#n#h#e#r#e#n#t# #p#a#r#t# #o#f# #t#h#e#
#p#r#o#c#e#s#s####&###F#########Z##################l##############;#############
########################Assignable Causes##################Other kinds of
variability may be presentArises from three sourcesUnadjusted machines, operator
errors, or defective raw materialsSuch variability is largeRefer to these as
assignable causesOperating in the presence of assignable causes is said to be out
of control
###H###D#########A##################D#######A#######,#################M#########
################# #########################Major
Objectives#########################(###############T###Detect the occurrence of
assignable causesControl chart is an online process-monitoring techniqueEstimate
the parameters of a production processProvide information that is useful in
improving the process Eliminate the variability in the processMay not be possible
to eliminate variability completelyHelps reduce it as much as
possible###*###1#########$#########1#########$##############################
########################Control Chart#################A typical control chart
Samples are selected at periodic intervalsContains a center line (CL)Upper control
limit (UCL) and the lower control limit (LCL)Point that plots outside of the
control limitsEvidence that the process is out of
control###*############Z#,#########Z########,############################

#########################Nonrandom Manner of the Plots##############B###If they

behave in a nonrandom mannerIndication that the process is out of controlIf 16 of
the last 18 points plotted above the centerVery suspicious that something was wrong
All points should have random patternMethods can be applied to control charts
Nonrandom pattern usually appears on a control chart for a reason###x###
%#########Z#.#########Z#5#########Z#)#########Z##########Z#############Z#
%#######.#######5#########)#####################################
#####################:###Relationship Between Control Charts and Hypothesis
testing#######;#########;#########$###################Close connection between
control charts and hypothesis testingControl chart is a test of the hypothesisA
point within the control limits is equivalent to failing to reject the hypothesisA
point plotting outside the control limits is equivalent to rejecting the
hypothesis############################################General
Model#############################################G#e#n#e#r#a#l# #m#o#d#e#l#
#f#o#r# #a# #c#o#n#t#r#o#l# #c#h#a#r#t##L#e#t# #W# #b#e# #a# #s#a#m#p#l#e#
#s#t#a#t#i#s#t#i#c##M#e#a#n# #o#f# #W# #i#s# ##W# ##S#t#a#n#d#a#r#d#
#d#e#v#i#a#t#i#o#n# #o#f# #W# #i#s# #sW##C#L#,# #U#C#L#,# #a#n#d# #L#C#L# #####k#
#i#s# #t#h#e# #d#i#s#t#a#n#c#e# #f#r#o#m# #t#h#e# #C#L##C#o#m#m#o#n# #c#h#o#i#c#e#
#i#s# #k#=#3##F#i#r#s#t# #p#r#o#p#o#s#e#d# #b#y# #S#h#e#w#h#a#r#t##C#o#n#t#r#o#l#
#c#h#a#r#t#s# #a#r#e# #o#f#t#e#n# #c#a#l#l#e#d# #S#h#e#w#h#a#r#t# #c#o#n#t#r#o#l#
#c#h#a#r#t#s####H###>#########/#########c#########8###############################
######################################################################"############
#
########################################################################
###########
#############################-###################################
##########################,####################!
######################################################################Use of
Control Charts###########################(###############
###Improve the process Identify assignable causesIf they are eliminated from the
process, variability will be reducedMay use the control chart as an estimating
deviceMay estimate certain process parametersMay then be used to determine the
capability of the
process###B#############Z############################J###########################
#####%#####################################Types of Control
Charts###########################(##################Classified into two types
Deals with quality characteristics that can be measured on some continuous scale
Called variables control chartsMay not able to measure the quality characteristics
on a continuous scaleMay judge each unit of product as either conforming or
nonconformingMay count the number of nonconformities (defects) on a unit of product
Called attributes control charts###J#############Z#G#########Z#!
#########Z###################G#########!
################2#####################################Designing Control
Charts###########################(##################Must specify both the
sample size and the frequency of samplingLarger samples will make it easier to
detect small shiftsMust also determine the frequency of samplingDesirable situation
would be to take large samples very frequentlyIs usually not economically feasible
Take either small samples at short intervals or larger samples at longer intervals
Current industry practice tends to favor smaller, more frequent samplesIncreased
data will increase the effectiveness of process control###
############P###########################3#####################################
Rational Groups#########################################*###Collect sample data
according to the rational subgroupMeans that subgroups or samples Variability of
the observations includes all the chanceControl limits will represent bounds for
all the chance variabilityAssignable causes will tend to generate points that are
outside of the control limits###V###X#########8##################
%#########################!
#########8#########################7#####################################Two
Approaches-First Approach###########################(###############M###Two

approaches to constructing rational subgroups are usedFirst approachConsists of

units that were produced at the same timeUsed when the primary purpose is to detect
process shiftsMinimizes variability within a sampleMaximizes variability between
samplesAlso provides better estimates of the standard deviation of the
process###h###J#########6##################J#########6#########P#################
##########################P################8####################################
#Two Approaches-Second
Approach###########################(##################Second approachConsists
of units of product that are representative of all unitsEach subgroup is a random
sample of all process output Used when the objective is to make decisions about the
acceptance of all units of product
###l#############B##########################8####################################
#########################k##############A#####################################X
AND R CONTROL
CHARTS###8#######################(###########(###########(#########(#############
######X# #c#h#a#r#t# #i#s# #t#h#e# #m#o#s#t# #w#i#d#e#l#y# #u#s#e#d# #c#h#a#r#t#
#f#o#r# #m#o#n#i#t#o#r#i#n#g# #c#e#n#t#r#a#l# #t#e#n#d#e#n#c#y##C#h#a#r#t#s#
#b#a#s#e#d# #o#n# #e#i#t#h#e#r# #t#h#e# #s#a#m#p#l#e# #r#a#n#g#e# #o#r# #t#h#e#
#s#a#m#p#l#e# #s#t#a#n#d#a#r#d# #d#e#v#i#a#t#i#o#n# #a#r#e# #u#s#e#d# #t#o#
#c#o#n#t#r#o#l# #p#r#o#c#e#s#s# #v#a#r#i#a#b#i#l#i#t#y### #a#n#d# #s #a#r#e#
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