Nuclear Power Plant

MD Arifur Rahman

021122136

MD Hasanul Jami Sarker 021131149

Junaed Jahin
MD Mosfiqur Rahman

021131061
021131015

Topics
What is nuclear power plant?
Schematic diagram of nuclear power plant.
Components of nuclear power plant.
How nuclear power plant work?
Advantage and disadvantage of nuclear energy.
Nuclear Plant Site selection.
Safety Measures for Nuclear Power Plants.

What is nuclear power plant?

A nuclear power plant is a thermal power station in which the heat source
is a nuclear reactor. As is typical in all conventional thermal power stations
the heat is used to generate steam which drives a steam turbine
connected to an electric generator which produces electricity.
As of 23 April 2014, the IAEA report there are 435 nuclear power reactors
in operation operating in 31 countries.
Nuclear power stations are usually considered to be base load stations.

Schematic diagram of nuclear plant

Schematic diagram of nuclear plant

Schematic diagram of nuclear plant

Schematic diagram of nuclear plant

Schematic diagram of nuclear plant

Schematic diagram of nuclear plant

Schematic diagram of nuclear plant

Schematic diagram of nuclear plant

How nuclear power plant work?

Nuclear energy:
Nuclear energy is a powerful source of energy, generated during a
nuclear reaction, by change in the nucleus of an atom. The source of
nuclear energy is the mass of the nucleus and energy generated during
a nuclear reaction is due to conversion of mass into energy (Einstein's
Theory).

Two ways to obtain nuclear energy:

1. Nuclear fission
2. Nuclear fusion

Nuclear Fission

Products
2 new smaller nuclei
2 or 3 free neutrons
Huge amount of ENERGY

-Rays
Heat
Sound
Light

E=mc^2
A very small amount of matter is equivalent to a vast amount of energy.
For example, 1 kg of matter converted completely into energy would be
equivalent to the energy released by exploding 22 megatons of TNT.

Component of nuclear power plant

Containment structure
Nuclear reactor
Nuclear reaction
Types of reactor
Reactor core
Reflector
Control rods
Modarator
collent

Component of nuclear power plant(contd)

Shielding
Stem generator
Pump
Generator
Stem turbine
Cooling tower
Cooling water condenser
Fuel rods

Nuclear reactor
A nuclear reactor is a
device in which nuclear
chain reactions are
initiated, controlled, and
sustained at a steady
rate, as opposed to a
nuclear bomb, in which
the chain reaction
occurs in a fraction of a
second and is
uncontrolled causing an
explosions.

Reactor Core
The reactor core consists of
fuel rods and control rods
Fuel rods contain enriched
uranium
Control rods are inserted
between the fuel rods to absorb
neutrons and slow the chain
reaction

Control rods are made of

cadmium or boron, which
absorb neutrons effectively

Reflector
Out from coreIt is placed round the
core, to reflect back some of the
neutrons that leak surface.

Control Rods
It is made up of heavy mass
element.It simply absorb the
neutrons so that it can either
maintain or stop a reaction.
Examples-Cadmium,lead etc

Moderator
Function:
To slow down neutrons from high
velocities and hence high energy
level which they have on being
released from fission process so
that probability of neutron to hit the
fuel rods increases.

Properties of Moderator
High slowing down power
Non corrosiveness
High MP for solids and low for
liquids
Chemical and radiation stability
High thermal stability
D2O is best for moderator.

Nuclear fuel rods

Nuclear fuel is any material that can
be consumed to derive nuclear energy.
The most common type of nuclear fuel
is fissile elements that can be made to
undergo nuclear fission chain
reactions in a nuclear reactor
The most common nuclear fuels are
235U and 239Pu. Not all nuclear fuels
are used in fission chain reactions

Coolant
Function:
Coolant is used to remove intense heat from the
produced in the reactor and that heat can be transferred
to water in a seprate vessel which is converted into
steam and runs the turbine.

Characteristics :
1. Low Melting point
2. high Boiling point
3.Chemical and radiation stability
4.Low viscosity
5.Non toxicity

Commonly used Coolant

Hg
He
CO2
H2O
Mostly used gaseous Coolant is CO2

Shielding
Shielding is required to protect the
working men from the harmful
effects of the radiation.
In fission,alpha particles,beta
particles,gamma rays,slow and fast
neutrons are formed in which
gamma rays and fast neutrons are
of main significance.

Shielding (contd)
To provide protection against
them,thick layers of lead or
concrete provided round the
reactor.
Thick layers of metals or plastics
are sufficient to stop alpha and
beta particles.

Steam generators
Steam generators are heat
exchangers used to convert water
into steam from heat produced in a
nuclear reactor core.

Steam turbine
A steam turbine is a device that
extracts thermal energy from
pressurized steam and uses it to
do mechanical work on a rotating
output shaft. Its modern
manifestation was invented by Sir
Charles Parsons in 1884

Generator
a generator is a device that
converts mechanical energy to
electrical energy for use in an
external circuit.

Condenser
Condenser is a device or unit which is
used to condense vapor into liquid.
The objective of the condenser are to
reduce the turbine exhaust pressure to
increase the efficiency and to recover high
quality feed water in the form of
condensate & feed back it to the steam
generator without any further treatment.

Feed pump
Steam coming out of the turbine, flows
through the condenser for condensation
and recirculated for the next cycle of
operation.
The feed pump circulates the condensed
water in the working fluid loop.

Coolant pump
The coolant pump pressurizes the
coolant to pressures of the order of
155bar.
The pressure of the coolant loop is
maintained almost constant with the
help of the pump and a pressuriser
unit.

Cooling tower
Cooling towers are heat removal
devices used to transfer process
waste heat to the atmosphere.
Water circulating through the
condenser is taken to the cooling
tower for cooling and reuse

Advantage of nuclear power plant

Nuclear power generation does emit relatively low amounts of carbon
dioxide (CO). The emissions of green house gases and therefore the
contribution of nuclear power plants to global warming is therefore
relatively little.
This technology is readily available, it does not have to be developed first.
It is possible to generate a high amount of electrical energy in one single
plant

Over all Ratio of usage nuclear power plant

of the world

Percent Of Electricity From Nuclear Energy

Disadvantages
The problem of radioactive waste is still an unsolved one.
High risks: It is technically impossible to build a plant with 100% security.
The energy source for nuclear energy is Uranium. Uranium is a scarce
resource, its supply is estimated to last only for the next 30 to 60 years
depending on the actual demand.
Nuclear power plants as well as nuclear waste could be preferred targets
for terrorist attacks.
During the operation of nuclear power plants, radioactive waste is
produced, which in turn can be used for the production of nuclear weapons

Nuclear Plant Site selection

Proximity to load center
Population distribution
Land Use: not agricultural
Meteorology: wind direction
Geology: bearing capacity of soil
Seismology: low seismic activity
Hydrology: Near a water source

Safety Measures for Nuclear Power plant

A nuclear power plant should be constructed away from human habitation.
(160km radius)
The materials used for construction should be of required standards.
Waste water should be purified.
Should have a proper safety system, plant could be shut down when
required.
While disposing off the wastes it should be ensured that it doesnt
contaminate the river or sea.

Thank You

Schematic diagram of nuclear plant