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TEMPERATURA DE
EXTRUSION
DOCENTE:
Ing. Luis Arcesio Medrano R.
Asm Handbook
Volume 14 Forming and forging
Pg. 685-689
Velocidad y
Temperaturas de
Extrusin
Las temperaturas desarrolladas durante la extrusin
afectan significativamente la velocidad a la que el
proceso puede llevarse a cabo .Esto es
especialmente cierto en la extrusin de aleaciones
de aluminio ( 2xxx y 7xxx ) . Una situacin trmica
existe tan pronto como la palanquilla es calentada y
carga en un contenedor precalentado y comienza la
extrusin.
Las temperaturas estn influenciados por:
La generacin de calor debido a la deformacin
plstica
La generacin de calor debido al cizallamiento
interno, friccin entre el material y la deformacin
de las herramientas
La transferencia de calor dentro de la palanquilla
La transferencia de calor entre la palanquilla y el
utillaje
Calor transportado con el producto extruido.
These phenomena occur simultaneously and result in a complex relationship among the material and process
variables, that is, billet material and temperature, friction, tool material and temperature, extrusion speed, shape of the
extruded section, and reduction in area.
The production rate can be increased by increasing the extrusion ratio (the ratio of the cross-sectional area of the billet
to that of the extruded product) and the extrusion speed while maintaining the extrusion pressure at an acceptable
level. For this purpose, the flow stress of the extruded material must be kept relatively low, for example, by increasing
the billet preheating temperature.
The combination of high billet temperature, large reduction in area, and high extrusion speed causes a considerable
rise in temperature in the extruded material, especially near the section surface, because most of the plastic
deformation and frictional energy is transformed into heat. This can cause surface defects or hot shortness,
especially with difficult-to-extrude 2xxx and 7xxx aluminum alloys. With a typical extrusion ratio of 40:1, exit speeds
in extruding these alloys would be of the order of 0.6 to 1.2 m/min (2 to 4 ft/min). Figure 5 shows the range of exit
speeds encountered in the extrusion of various aluminum alloys .
Temperature increase and temperature distribution during extrusion have been investigated by many researchers (Ref
4, 5, 6, 7, 8). The emergent temperatures of aluminum, tin, and lead extruded at ram speeds from 1 to 30 m/min (3 to
100ft/min) were measured (Ref 4). Figures 6 and 7 show the effects of extrusion ratio and ram speed on the
temperature increase. A simple theoretical analysis was conducted to investigate the effect of ram speed on
temperature increase (Ref 8). In this study, a billet of infinite length was assumed, container friction was neglected, and
the interior of the container was assumed to be at the same temperature as the billet .
Temperature increase and temperature distribution during extrusion have been investigated
by many researchers (Ref 4, 5,6, 7, 8). The emergent temperatures of aluminum, tin, and
lead extruded at ram speeds from 1 to 30 m/min (3 to 100ft/min) were measured (Ref 4).
Figures 6 and 7 show the effects of extrusion ratio and ram speed on the temperature
increase. A simple theoretical analysis was conducted to investigate the effect of ram speed
on temperature increase (Ref 8). In this study, a billet of infinite length was assumed,
container friction was neglected, and the interior of the container was assumed to be at the
same temperature as the billet.
El Aumento de la temperatura y la distribucin de la temperatura durante la
extrusin se han investigado (Ref 4, 5, 6, 7, 8). Las temperaturas emergentes de
aluminio, estao y plomo extruye a velocidades de RAM (llenado, apisonado) 1 a
30 m / min (3 a 100 ft / min) se midieron (Ref 4). Las figuras 6 y 7 muestran los
efectos de la relacin de extrusin y la velocidad de RAM en la temperatura
aumentar. Se realiz un anlisis terico simple para investigar el efecto de la
velocidad del dado en aumento de la temperatura (Ref 8). En este estudio, se
asumi un tocho de longitud infinita, la friccin recipiente fue descuidada, y el
interior del recipiente se supone que es en la misma temperatura del la
palanquilla.
The model predicted a sigmoidal relationship between the logarithm of ram speed and the
temperature rise. Based on this model, a ram speed program was devised that would give a constant
emergent temperature. Experimental evaluation of this speed program resulted in maintenance of
constant temperatures within 3 K (5 F) for lead and 6 K (11 F) for aluminum. The decrease in
extrusion pressure with programmed ram speed was less than that with constant ram speed.
Computer programs have been developed for predicting temperatures in the extrusion of rods and tubes in various
materials (Ref 6, 7). As Fig. 8 shows, based on theoretical predictions and on experimental evidence, the product
temperature increases as extrusion proceeds. The temperature at the product surface is higher than that at the product
center. Therefore, the surface temperature of the product may approach the critical temperature at which hot shortness
may occur only toward the end of the extrusion cycle.
A system for isothermal extrusion was proposed in which the variation in ram speed necessary for maintaining the
product temperature within the required limits was programmed (Ref 9). In presses designed to operate on this
principle,
the working stroke is divided into zones, each having a preset speed. In a press used for the extrusion of high-strength
alloys, a time savings of 60% was claimed. Savings would be lower for more easily extrudable alloys.
In
For
controlling
and
predicting
variations in ram speed during
extrusion, computer simulations may
be useful for
predicting the temperature increase
that occurs during the process (Ref
6, 7). The purpose of such computeraided speed
control is to attain maximum
extrusion speeds with minimum
variations in temperature in the
extruded product. More
information on the use of computers
in die design and process simulation
for hot extrusion is available in the
section
"Applications for Computer-Aided
Design and Manufacture (CAD/CAM)"
in this article.