ADVANCE DIGITAL

COMMUNICATION

Engr. Noman Shabbir

Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
GC University Lahore

OUTLINE

Motivation to study communication systems

Course descriptions and textbooks
What you will study from this course
Objectives
Coverage and schedule
Assignments/projects and exams
Background and Preview
Information Theory

MOTIVATIONS

Recent Development
Satellite Communications
Telecommunication: Internet boom at the end of last decade
Wireless Communication: next boom? 4G/5G
Job Market
Probably one of most easy and high paid majors recently
Intel changes to wireless
Research Potential
One to one communication has less room to go, but
multiuser communication is still an open issue.
WiMAX, 4G/5G, Next generation WLAN, WSN,
Smart Grids, Vehicular Communication

COURSE DESCRIPTIONS

What is the communication system?

What are the major types?
Analog or Digital
Satellite, Fiber, Wireless
What are the theorems?
What are the major components?
How is the information transmitted?
What are the current industrial standards?
What are the state-of-art research?
Can I find a job by studying this course?
Can I find research topics?

TEXTBOOK AND SOFTWARE

Require textbook:
Simon Haykin, Communication Systems, 4th edition, John
Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Require Software: MATLAB
http://www.mathworks.com/ or type helpwin in Matlab environment

Recommended readings

Digital communications: J. Proakis, Digital Communications

Random process: G.R. Grimmett and D.R. Stirzaker, Probability and
Random Processes
Estimation and detection: H.V. Poor, An introduction to Signal
Detection and Estimation
Information theory: T. M. Cover and J. A. Thomas, Elements of
Information Theory
Error correct coding: P.Sweeney, Error Control Coding

COURSE OUTLINE

Digital communication
Information Theory.
Sampling and aliasing, the Nyquist criterion,
PAM and QAM modulation
Signaling Schemes
Digital Modulation schemes and signal constellations
System design for wireless communication.
Antenna & Propagation
Binary linear block codes
Binary linear convolutional codes
Viterbi algorithm.
Trellis representations of binary linear block codes and trellis-based decoding
Turbo codes, LDPC codes and RA codes
Performance of LDPC codes with iterative decoding

SEASONAL WORK AND EXAM

Seasonal Work (40 Marks)

Assignment/Projects: simple MATLAB programs
(20 Marks)
Midterm Exam (20 Marks)
Final Exam (60 Marks)

Objective
Short Questions
Numerical Problems

TEACHING STYLES

Slides plus White board

Slides can convey more information in an organized way
White board is better for equations and mathematical work
Course Material
Lecture slides
Research Papers
Project descriptions and preliminary codes
Feedback
Too fast, too slow

REASONS TO BE MY STUDENTS

Wireless Communication and Networking have great market

Usually highly paid and have great potential all over the world
Highly interdisciplinary
Do not need to find research topics which are the most
difficult part.
Research Assistant
A kind of nice (at least looks like)
Work with hope and happiness

COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
B

A
Engineering System

Social System

Genetic System

History and fact of communication

COMMUNICATION SYSTEM COMPONENTS

transmitter
Source
Coder

Source
input

channel

Reconstructed
Signal
output

Source
decoder

receiver

Channel
Coder

Modulation

Distortion and noise

Channel
decoder

demodulation

D/A

A/D

COMMUNICATION PROCESS
Message Signal
Symbol
Encoding
Transmission
Decoding
Re-creation
Broadcast
Point to Point

TELECOMMUNICATION
Telegraph
Fixed line telephone
Cable
Wired networks
Internet
Optical Fiber communications
Communication bus inside computers to communicate

between CPU and memory

BROADBAND COMMUNICATION

WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS
Satellite
TV
Cordless phone
Cellular phone
Wireless LAN, WiFi
Wireless MAN, WiMAX
Bluetooth
Ultra Wide Band
Microwave
GPS
Ad-hoc/Sensor Networks

ANALOG OR DIGITAL
Common Misunderstanding: Any transmitted signals are

ANALOG. NO DIGITAL SIGNAL CAN BE TRANSMITTED

Analog Message: continuous in amplitude and over time

AM, FM for voice sound
Traditional TV for analog video
First generation cellular phone (analog mode)
Record player

Digital message: 0 or 1, or discrete value

VCD, DVD
2G/3G cellular phone
Data on your disk
Your grade

Digital age: why digital communication will prevail

CHANNEL, BANDWIDTH, SPECTRUM

Bandwidth: the number of bits per second is proportional to B

http://www.ntia.doc.gov/osmhome/allochrt.pdf

POWER, CHANNEL, NOISE

Transmit power
Constrained by device, battery, health issue, etc.

Channel responses to different frequency and different

time

Satellite: almost flat over frequency, change slightly over time

Cable or line: response very different over frequency, change

slightly over time.

Fiber: perfect
Wireless: worst. Multipath reflection causes fluctuation in
frequency response. Doppler shift causes fluctuation over time
Noise and interference
AWGN: Additive White Gaussian noise
Interferences: power line, microwave, other users (CDMA

phone)

SHANNON CAPACITY
Shannon Theory
It establishes that given a noisy channel with information

capacity C and information transmitted at a rate R, then if

R<C, there exists a coding technique which allows the
probability of error at the receiver to be made arbitrarily
small. This means that theoretically, it is possible to transmit
information without error up to a limit, C.
The converse is also important. If R>C, the probability of
error at the receiver increases without bound as the rate is
increased. So no useful information can be transmitted
beyond the channel capacity. The theorem does not address
the rare situation in which rate and capacity are equal.
Shannon Capacity

C B log 2 (1 SNR) bit / s

MODULATION
Process of varying a carrier

signal in order to use that

signal to convey information
Carrier signal can transmit
far away, but information
cannot
Modem: amplitude, phase,
and frequency
Analog: AM, amplitude, FM,
frequency, Vestigial
sideband modulation, TV
Digital: mapping digital
information to different
constellation: Frequencyshift key (FSK)

SOURCE CODER
Examples
Digital camera: encoder;

TV/computer: decoder
Camcorder
Phone
Read the book
Theorem
How much information is

measured by Entropy
More randomness, high
entropy and more
information

CHANNEL CODING
Purpose
Deliberately add redundancy to the transmitted information,

so that if the error occurs, the receiver can either detect or

correct it.

Source-channel separation theorem

If the delay is not an issue, the source coder and channel

coder can be designed separately, i.e. the source coder tries

to pack the information as hard as possible and the channel
coder tries to protect the packet information.

Popular coder
Linear block code
Cyclic codes (CRC)
Convolutional code (Viterbi, Qualcom)
LDPC codes, Turbo code, 0.1 dB to Channel Capacity

QUALITY OF A LINK (SERVICE, QOS)

Mean Square Error

1
MSE
N

| X
i 1

X i |2

Signal to noise ratio (SNR)

Prec PtxG
2 2

Bit error rate

Frame error rate
Packet drop rate
Peak SNR (PSNR)
SINR/SNIR: signal to noise plus interference ratio
Human factor

COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
Connection of 2 or more distinct (possibly dissimilar)

networks.

Requires some kind of network device to facilitate the

connection.

Internet

Net A

Net B

OSI MODEL
Open Systems Interconnections; Course offered next semester

TCP/IP ARCHITECTURE
TCP/IP is the de-facto
global data communications
standard.
It has a lean 3-layer
protocol stack that can be
mapped to five of the seven
in the OSI model.
TCP/IP can be used with
any type of network, even
different types of networks
within a single session.

SUMMARY
Course Descriptions
Communication System Structure
Basic Block Diagram
Typical Communication systems
Analog or Digital
Entropy to Measure the Quantity of Information
Channels
Shannon Capacity
Spectrum Allocation
Modulation
Communication Networks