Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
METAL ALLOYS
ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
How are metal alloys classified and how are they used?
What are some of the common fabrication techniques?
How do properties vary throughout a piece of material
that has been quenched, for example?
How can properties be modified by post heat treatment?
Chapter 11- 1
TAXONOMY OF METALS
Metal Alloys
Nonferrous
Ferrous
Steels
<1.4wt%C
Cu Al
Cast Irons
3-4.5 wt%C
Mg Ti
T(C)
1600
1400
1200
1000
+L
austenite
800
ferrite
600
L+Fe3C
1148C
Eutectic:
4.30
+Fe3C
727C
Fe3C
cementite
Eutectoid:
0.77
400
0
(Fe)
+Fe3C
C o, wt% C
6.7
Chapter 11-2
STEELS
Plain Carbon
low carbon
<0.25wt%C
medium carbon
0.25 - 0.6wt%C
high carbon
0.6 - 1.4wt%C
Low Alloy
5 % alloying
element
HSLA
High Strength Low Alloy
High Alloy
> 10 % alloying
element
Stainless
Tool
Heat Treatable
Tool Steels
CommonAlloyingElements:Cr,V,Mo,W,Ti,Mn,Al
Alloyingisdonetoimprove:
Wear,corrosionandFatiqueresistance,toughness,hardenability
Butincreasesthecost
Chapter 11-3
Steels
High Alloy
Low Alloy
low carbon med. carbon
<0.25 wt% C 0.25-0.6 wt% C
high carbon
0.6-1.4 wt% C
heat
plain
treatable
Cr, V
Cr, Ni
Additions none
none
none
Ni, Mo
Mo
Example 1010 4310
1040
4340 1095
Hardenability 0
+
+
++
++
TS
0
+
++
+
EL
+
+
0
Name
plain
Uses
auto
struc.
sheet
HSLA* plain
bridges
towers
press.
vessels
crank
shafts
bolts
hammers
blades
pistons
gears
wear
applic.
wear
applic.
tool
Cr, V,
Mo, W
4190
+++
++
-drills
saws
dies
austenitic
stainless
Cr, Ni, Mo
304
0
0
++
high T
applic.
turbines
furnaces
V. corros.
resistant
Chapter 11-
Examples:
(XX and XXX are wt% C x 100)
1060 steel Plain carbon steel (10XX) with 0.60 wt% C
4340 steel - Nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy steel
(43XX) with 0.40 wt% C
2320 steel - Nickel alloy steel with about 3.5% nickel
(23XX) with 0.20 wt% C
52100 steel Chromium alloy tool steel with about
1.45% chromium (52XXX) with 1.00 wt% C
*AISI: The American Iron and Steel Institute, **SAE: The Society of Automotive Engineers
Chapter 11-
Cast Iron
Ferrous alloys with > 2.1 wt% C
more commonly 3 - 4.5 wt%C
Chapter 11-
Ductile iron
add Mg or Ce (Cerium)
graphite in nodules not flakes
matrix often pearlite - better
ductility
Chapter 11-
Malleable iron
heat treat at 800-900C
graphite in rosettes
more ductile
Chapter 11-
gas
refractory
vessel
layers of coke
and iron ore
air
slag
Molten iron
BLAST FURNACE
heat generation
C+O2CO2
800C
1300C
1800C
10meters
Chapter 11-5
NONFERROUS ALLOYS
Cu Alloys
Al Alloys
Ti Alloys
-lower : 4.5g/cm3
Refractory metals
-high melting T
vs 7.9 for steel
Noble metals -Nb, Mo, W, Ta
-reactive at high T -Ag, Au, Pt
-oxid./corr. resistant
-space applic.
Chapter 11-4
FORMING
Forging
(wrenches, crankshafts)
force
JOINING
Rolling
(I-beams, rails)
roll
die
A o blank
A d often at
elev. T
Drawing
force
Ao
die
Ad
roll
Extrusion
Ao
Ad
(rods, tubing)
Ao
tensile
force
force
container
ram
billet
container
die holder
extrusion
Ad
die
Chapter 11-6
FORMING TEMPERATURE
Hot working (T > 0.5 Tm)
--dynamical recrystallization
--less energy to deform
--oxidation: poor finish
--lower strength
Chapter 11-7
CASTING
Sand Casting
(large parts, e.g.,
auto engine blocks)
Sand
Die Casting
(high volume, low T alloys)
Sand
molten metal
Investment Casting
(low volume, complex shapes
e.g., jewelry, turbine blades)
plaster
die formed
around wax
prototype
JOINING
Continuous Casting
(simple slab shapes)
molten
solidified
wax
Chapter 11- 8
CASTING
Powder Processing
Welding
heat
area
contact
JOINING
densify
point contact
at low T
densification
by diffusion at
higher T
Heat Treatment of
800
Austenite (stable)
Steels
Annealing
coarse pearlite
T(C)
TE
A
P
600
Normalizing
Fine pearlite
Quenching
400
0%
Martensite
Tempering
50
%
10
0%
0%
M+A
200
50%
M+A
Tempered martensite
b)
-1
10
10
10
time (s)
a
)
90%
10
Chapter 11-
c)
quenching,
Martensite can later be tempered to60 the optimum strengthtoughness combination
40
The cooling rate ,
20
hence the resulting
microstructure,
varies with distance
from the surface.
T(C)
0%
100%
600
400
200
M(start)
A M
0 M(finish)
0.1
10
100
1000
Time (s)
Chapter 11-11
T(C)
600
400
200
0 -1
10 10
TE
shift from
A to B due
to alloying
M(start)
M(90%)
10
60
H a rd n e s s , H R C
800
40
2 Cooling rat
100
4340
80
%M
50
4140
8640
5140
20
0 10 20 30 40 50
Distance from quenched end (mm
Chapter 11-13