KNF Engineering Mathematics I

Basic Definition

Linear and quadratic functions

Polynomial, Rational and Circular functions

Exponential, Logarithmic and Hyperbolic functions

The basic idea of functions is that the values of

two variable quantities are related.

For example, the deflection of a beam depends

on the applied load.

A function f is a rule that assigns exactly one

element y in a set B to each element x in a set A.

In this case, we write y = f(x)

We call the set A the domain of f. The set of all

values f(x) in B is called range of f.

We refer x as independent variable.

y as the dependent variable.

Example :
y = 4x + 1

y as function of x

Otherwise, we can write it as

y = f(x)
f(x) as a function of x
Where f(x)=4x+1

In most cases, the relationship is usually using

the relationship between y and x. x and y may
represent numerical quantities, but f stand for a
relationship between x & y.

Definition
Domain: The domain of a function is the set of
all possible input values (usually x), which allows
the function formula to work.

Definition
Range: The range is the set of all possible
output values (usually y), which result from using
the function formula.

In example below there is exactly one real

number that ends up in y for every one real
number that went into x. So, we would say that
the range of this function is also all real
numbers.
y = 2x, where x=3
= 2(3)
=6
range

Example :
Find the domain of function f defined by
f (x) = 1 / ( x - 1)

Solution:
x can take any real number except 1 since x = 1
would make the division by zero is not allowed in
mathematics. Hence the domain in interval
notation is given by (- , 1) U (1 , +).

Example :
Find the domain of function f defined by

f x 2x 8

Solution:
The expression defining function f contains a
square root. The expression under the radical has
to satisfy the condition 2x - 8 >= 0 for the
function to take real values.
Solve the above linear inequality x >= 4.
The domain, in interval notation, is given by [4 ,
+).

Example :
Find the domain and range for the function
f(x) = x2 + 2.

f(x) = x2 + 2 is defined for all real values of x.

Hence, the domain of f(x) is "all real numbers".
Since x2 is never negative, x2 + 2 is never less
than 2
Hence, the range of f(x) is "all real numbers
f(x) 2".

We can see that x takes any value in the

graph, but the resulting y values are greater
than or equal to 2.

Functions can be added, subtracted,

multiplied or divided. In general, the
definition :

Example :

f(x) = x, g(x) = x2
Find
f(x) + g(x) , (f-g)(x), (f.g)(x) and
(f/g)(x)

Solution:
(i) f(x) + g(x) = x + x2
(ii) (f g) (x) = f(x) g(x)
= x x2
(iii) (f.g) (x)
= f(x) . g(x)
= x . x2
= x3
(iv) f ( x) f x x 1
2
g

g
x
x
x

Example :

For

f x x2 x

(a)

(b)

g (3)

and

f g 2
2

g x

2
,
x 3

find each value.

Solution
a) ( f g )(2) (2 2 2) 2

23

2
6
5
28

Solution
b)

2 2
g (3) [
]
33
2

1 2
( )
3
1

Example :

If g x x 1 Find the formula for g x

2

g ( x) ( x 1)
3

( x 2 x 1) ( x 1)
4

x 3x 3x 1
6

Inverse function of a function,f is a reverse operations carried out by f

x f ( y)

*** Do not be confused

y f (x)
y

f -1(x) => inverse function

[ f(x) ]-1 => means 1/ f(x)

Example :

f(x) = 5x + 6
Let f(x) = y
y = 5x + 6
What is the function form in terms of x?

Solution:
y = 5x + 6
x=y-6
5
f -1(x) = x - 6
5

Example :
Given that f(x) =

1
5

(4x -3). Find f-1 (x)

Solution:
1
Let y = 5 (4x -3) Express x in term of y
x = 1 (5y+3)
4
-1
f (x) = 1 (5x +3)
4

Example :
The function f is defined by f x

8
y
x2
8
x2
y
8
x 2
y
Therefore,

8 2x
x
x

8
1
f
x
find
x2

A function of the form y=f(g(x)) is called a

function of a function or a composite of the
function f(x) and g(x).

In modern mathematical texts it is common to

denote the composite function by f g
so that, y f g f ( g ( x ))

Composite functions are what you get when you

take the output of one function and use it for
the input of the next one.

Assume that f(x) = x2 and g(x) = x + 1

f (x) = (x)2
f( g(x) ) = (g(x))2
= (x+1)2

for all x such that x is in the domain of g and

g(x) is the domain of f.

Example :
Find f (g(x)) if f(x) = x2+3 g(x)=
Solution
f(g(x)) = (g(x))2 + 3
= ( x )2 + 3
= x+3

Example :
f(x) = x2 + 2x
g(x) = x -1
Find f (g(x)) and g(f(x))

Solution:
f(g(x)) = (x 1)2 + 2(x -1)
=x2 2x + 1 + 2x 2
=x2 1
g (f(x)) = ( x2 + 2x) 1
= x2 + 2x 1

Example :
Here are two simple functions, lets find f (g(x)) if
f(x) = 2x + 5 g(x) = 3x2

x=5

Answer:
This means find f (g(5))
Since g(x) = 3x2, then g(5) = 3(5)2 = 3(25) = 75
Now find f(75)
so f(75) = 2(75) + 5 = 155
So fg(5) = 155

Example :

Let f x

and

g x 3x first find f og x

f og 12

Answer:

6x
and
2
x 9

f og x f g x f

3x

f og 12 f g 12 f

6. 3 x

2 3x

2
3x 9 x 3

6.6
4
36 f 6 2

6 9 3

Answer

( f g )( x) f ( g ( x))
f ( 3x )
6 3x

2
(3 x) 9

2 3x

x 3

Answer

f g 12 f g 12
f

36

f 6
66
2
6 9
4

For linear, It is a usual case where

y = mx + c
Where y = value at y coordinate
x = value at x coordinate
m = slope of a line

y2 y1
m
x2 x1

c = y intercept (the place where the

graph crosses the y-axis)

Example : Sketch the graph y = x + 2

Example : Sketch the graph y = -2x + 4

Example : Find the slope of the line, m

through points (4,3) and (2,5)
y2 y1
m
x2 x1

53
m

24
m 1

Example : Find an equation of the line

through the points (3,1) and (4,-1) and the
graph line
y2 y1
m
x2 x1

11
m

43
m 2

From equation,
y yo
m
x xo

m( x x0 ) y y0
2x 6 y 1
y 2 x 7

Example : Find an equation of the line

parallel to y=3x-2 and through the point
(-1,3)
It is easy to read the slope of the line from
the equation where m=3
y yo
m
x xo

m( x x0 ) y y0
3[ x (1)] y 3
3x 3 y 3

y 3x 6

Example : Find an equation of the line

perpendicular to y=-2x+4 and intersecting
the line at the point (1,2)

Solution:
The slope, m1 is -2. The slope of the
perpendicular line, m2 can be obtained from
m1m2=-1
m2=-1/-2
=1/2

y yo
m
x xo

m( x x0 ) y y0
1
( x 1) y 2
2
1
y ( x 1) 2
2

Example : Find the intersections at y1=x2-x-5

and y2=x+3

Solution:
At intersection, y1=y2
x2-x-5 = x+3
x2-2x-8 = 0
(x+2) (x-4)=0
x=-2, x=4
When x=-2, y1=1
x=4, y2=7

The general quadratic function has the form

f(x) = ax2 + bx + c
where a, b and c are constants and a0

a > 0 (minimum value)

a < 0 (maximum value)

Example : Given x2+1=A(x-1)+B(x+2)+C(x2+2)

for all values of x. Find A, B and C.

Solution:
x2 + 1 = Ax A +Bx +2B +Cx2 +2C
1x2 = Cx2

C = 1 .. (1)

0x = Ax +Bx

A +B = 0
A = -B . (2)

1 = -A +2B +2C . (3)

Substitute (1) and (2) into (3)
1 = -(-B) +2B +2(1)
3B = -1
B = 13
Since A = -B
A= 1
3

** Therefore, A =

1
3

B=

1
3

C=1

A polynomial is any function that can be

written in the form.
f(x) = anxn + an-1xn-1 + . + a1x + a0

Where
a0, a1, a2, .., an are real numbers (the
coefficients of the polynomial) with an 0
n 0 is an integer (the degree of the
polynomial)

Sample of polynomial

f(x) = 2
(polynomial of degree 0 or constant)
f(x) = 3x + 2
(polynomial of degree 1 or linear
polynomial)
f(x) = 5x2 2x + 1 (polynomial of degree 2 or quadratic
polynomial)
f(x) = x3 -2x + 1
(polynomial of degree 3 or cubic
polynomial)
f(x) = -6x4 + 12x2 3x + 13 (polynomial of degree 4 or quartic
polynomial)
f(x) = 2x5 6x4 8x2 + x 3 (polynomial of degree 5 or quintic
polynomial)

Factorization is the opposite process to

expand brackets.The usually process includes
changing a long expression without any
brackets to a shorter expression that
includes the use of bracket.

Example :Finding the intercepts of a Graph

Find all x & y intercepts of y = x2 - 4x + 3

Solution:

To find the y-intercept, recall that we set x = 0 to obtain

y=00+3=3

The graph crosses the y-axis at y = 3.

Similarly, to find the x-intercepts, we solve the
eq. f(x) = 0.
0 = x2 4x + 3 = (x 1)(x 3)
x-intercepts are x = 1 & x = 3.

Similarly, to find the x-intercepts, we solve the

eq. f(x) = 0.
0 = x2 4x + 3 =
0 =(x 1)(x 3)

x-intercepts are x = 1 & x = 3.

!!! Zeros are the value of x when y=0, from factorizations

If the equation cannot be factorized, the

most reliable method of determines the
roots of quadratic equation is to use the
formula.

b b 2 4ac
x
2a

Example : Find the zeros of f(x) = x2 5x -12

(5) (5) 2 4(1)(12)

x
2(1)
x 6.772 & 1.772

Rational functions have the general form

p( x)
f ( x)
q( x)
where p(x) & q(x) are polynomials, with q(x) 0

If the degree of p(x) is less than the degree of q(x), it is called

strictly proper rational function.
If the degree of p(x) is greater than the degree of q(x), it is
called improper rational function.
Example 1:

4x 1
2 x 2 5x 3

Degree 1

Degree 2


1.

Solution :
Factorise the denominator
4x 1
4x 1

2
2 x 5 x 3 (2 x 1)( x 3)

2.

Express in partial fraction form

4x 1
A
B

(2 x 1)( x 3) (2 x 1) ( x 3)

3.

Place RHS over the same denominator

4x 1
A( x 3) B(2 x 1)

(2 x 1)( x 3)
(2 x 1)( x 3)

4. Equate numerators
4x + 1 = A(x + 3) + B(2x - 1)
= Ax + 3A +2Bx B
= (A+2B) x + 3A B
5. Equate coefficients
A+ 2B = 4
3A - B = 1
From (2) B= 3A 1

(1)
(2)
(3)

Substitute (3) into (1)

A+2(3A-1)=4
A=6/7

4
Then from (2) B=1
7
Thus,

4x 1
6/7
11 / 7

(2 x 1)( x 3) (2 x 1) ( x 3)

A rational function is said to be an improper

fraction if the degree of P(x) is greater than or
equal to the degree of Q(x).
3 x 3 10 x 2 x 14
x2

Degree 2

Degree 1

Division of polynomials
Carrying out the division of polynomials is no
different, in principle, to numerical division.
Examine the steps taken in the following example
3x 2 4 x 7
x 2 3x3 10 x 2 x 14
3 x3 6 x 2
4x2 x
4 x2 8x
7 x 14
7 x 14

therefore
(3x 3 10 x 2 x 14)
3x 2 4 x 7
( x 2)

Improper fractions can be expressed as the sum of

a polynomial plus a proper function.
12 x 2 13 x 9
5
3x 2
4x 7
4x 7

For the function that cannot be factorized

(irreducible factor).

Revision:
Convert the given radians measure to degree:

(a)
4

(b)

3
5

Revision:
Convert the given degrees measure to radians:
(c) 180

(d)

40

If we have a right-angled triangle ABC as below:

We can define the sine, cosine and tangent functions

in relation to the triangle as:

c
sin
a

b
cos
a

c
tan
b

By considering triangles shown in Figure below, we

can write the trigonometric ratios for 30o, 45o and 60o .

sin o

cos o

tan o

30o

1/2

3/2

1/3

45o

1/2

1/2

60o

3/2

1/2

For triangle that is not right-angled:

The sine rule

a
b
c

sin A sin B sin C

The cosine rule

a 2 b 2 c 2 2bc cos A , or
b 2 a 2 c 2 2ac cos B , or
c 2 a 2 b 2 2ab cos C

Circular functions arises from considering the motion

of a point P around a circle as shown below:
Distance OP is one unit.
Perpendicular distance NP is the sine of
the angle P0OP.
When P is above OP0 , NP is +ve.
When P is below OP0 , NP is -ve.
Horizontal distance ON is the cosine of the
angle P0OP.
When N is to the right of O, ON is +ve.
When N is to the left of O, ON is -ve.

Usually we denote the angle in radian and 180o=

The length of the arc is define as r

The area of a circle = r 2

1 2
r
2

The area of the sector is

The circumference of a circle is 2 r

A function f is periodic of period T if f(x + T) =

f(x) for all x such that x & x + T are in the domain
of f.

Since the complete circle is 2 radians, adding 2

to any angle takes you all the way around the
circle & back to the same point (x,y).

<http://www.youtube.com/watch
?v=FUMpGuLIQ5M>

The Sine Function

sin(-x)= - sin x

<http://www.youtube.com/w
atch?
v=Ohp6Okk_tww&feature=r

Since the graph replicates itself for every interval of 2,

sin( x 2k ) sin x, k 0, 1, 2,...

and the function sin x is said to be periodic with period 2.

The Cosine Function

cos(-x)= cos x

<http://www.youtube.com/watch
?
v=jEcqQkl2_A4&feature=related

Function cos x is said to be periodic with period 2, so

that

cos( x 2k ) cos x, k 0, 1, 2,...

Example :

Find all solutions of:

(a) 2 sin x 1 = 0
2 sin x = 1
sin x = 1/2

5
5
x , , 2 ,
2 ,......
6 6 6
6
(b) cos2 x 3 cos x + 2 = 0
(cos x 1)(cos x 2) = 0
cos x = 1 cos x = 2

Since -1 cos x 1 for all x, cos x = 2 has no solution.

cos x = 1, x = 0, 2 or x = 2n for any integer n.

<http://www.youtube.com/w
atch?v=bBDVDMpg-SY>

The Tangent function

tan ( x + k) = tan x
k = 0, 1,2

tan (-x) = - tan (x)

sin x
tan x = cos x

Note that :
Graph of y= sin x is that of y= cos x by
1
moving units to the right.
2

Graph of y= cos x is that of y=sin x by

moving 1 units to the left.
2

Thus,

1
1
sin x cos( x ) or cos x sin( x )
2
2

Also, remember

The time taken for one complete revolution is called

the period.

Frequency is defined as frequency =

1
period

Usually also denoted as f =

2
Usually in engineering a function at this kind is
usually written as y = A sin t.
where A = amplitude, and period is 2

Other circular function

1
secant sec
cos

1
cosecant cos ec
sin

cotangent cot 1 cos x

tan

sin x

The following is the trigonometric identities

(1) cos2 + sin2 = 1

The identity cos2 + sin2 = 1 can be manipulated

into a variety of forms.
(2) Dividing throughout by cos2
tan2 + 1= sec2

(3) Divide both sides by sin2

sin 2 cos 2
1

2
2
2
sin sin sin

1 cot cos ec
2

The formulae (identities) that you must be able to

use are:

sin( A B) sin A cos B cos A sin B

sin( A B) sin A cos B cos A sin B
cos( A B) cos A cos B sin A sin B
cos( A B) cos A cos B sin A sin B
tan A tan B
tan( A B)
1 tan A tan B
tan A tan B
tan( A B)
1 tan A tan B

Double Angle formulae

By letting B=A, the previous formulae become

what are known as the Double Angle Formulae.

sin 2 A 2 sin A cos A

cos 2 A cos A sin A
2

cos 2 A 1 2 sin A
2

cos 2 A 2 cos A 1
2

Example : Solve 2 cos2x + 3 sin x = 3

Using

cos2x + sin2x = 1
cos2x = 1 sin2 x

Thus
2(1 sin2 x) + 3 sin x = 3
2 sin2x 3sin x + 1 = 0
Quadratic function
Let sin x =

22 3 1 0

factorize (2 1)( 1) 0

1
, 1
2

We know that sin x

1
sin x = 2

1
if sin x =
2

& sin x = 1
if sin x = 1

= ,
=
2
6 6
5
,
o
o
o
Three solutions
6 6 2 or in degree 30 ,90 , 150

Example

: Prove that

1) sin 2 2 sin cos

2) cos 2 cos 2 sin 2
From the identities,
1)sin(a + b) = sin a cos b + sin b cos a
sin ( + ) = sin cos + sin cos
sin 2 = 2 sin cos
2)

cos(a + b) = cos a cos b - sin a sin b

cos ( + ) = cos cos - sin sin
cos 2 = 2 cos2 - sin2

Example : Prove that 4 sin x + 3 cos x = 5 sin (x + )

for some constant and estimate the value of
Solution:
Trigo identity: sin (a + b) = sin a cos b + sin b cos a
RHS
5 sin ( x + ) = 5 (sin x cos + sin cos x)
= 5 sin x cos + 5 sin cos x

4 sin x + 3 cos x = 5 sin x cos + 5 sin cos x

Equating the term:
4 sin x = 5 sin x cos

3 cos x = 5 sin cos x

4 = 5 cos

3 = 5 sin

cos = 4/5
= arc cos (4/5)

sin = 3/5
= arc sin (3/5)

Example :
Express y= 4sin 3t 3cos 3t in the form of y = Asin (3t + )

Asin (3t + ) = A(sin 3t cos + cos 3t sin )

= A cos sin 3t + A sin cos 3t
4sin 3t 3cos 3t = A cos sin 3t + A sin cos 3t
4 = A cos
-3 = A sin

(1)
(2)

Square (1) and (2)

16 A cos
2
2
9 A sin
2

Add (1) + (2)

16 9 A (cos sin )
2

A2 25
A5

2
1

A sin
3

A cos
4

3
tan
4
0.64radian

y 4sin 3t 3cos 3t

5sin 3t 0.64

x = sin y
y = arcsin (x) or
y = sin-1 (x)

x= tan (y)
y = arctan (x)
y = tan-1(x)

x= cos (y)
y = arccos (x)
y = cos-1(x)

Example :
Evaluate

Example :

Index rules/ Rules of exponents for any real number

a m a n a m n
am
mn

a
an

m n

a mn

ab m a mb m
a
am
( ) m
b
b

ao 1

1
n
a

or

an

1
a n

1
n

a n a
m
n

a (n a ) m

ab a b
a
a

b
b
n

ab n a n b

***remember

ab a b

a na
n
b
b
a a a

Logarithmic rules
the logarithm function with base b, written
logb x, is defined by
y = logb x if & only if x = by.

That is, the logarithm logb x gives the exponent

to which you must raise the base b to get the
given number x.

Example :
log10 10 = 1 (since 101 = 10)
log10 100= 2 (since 102 = 100)
log10 1000 = 3 (since 103 = 1000)

Usually abbreviate log10 x as log x

loge x as ln x

Example : Determine

1
1) log

log
10
1log10 1

10
2) log

3)

0.001 log 10

ln e log e e
3

3log10 3

3log

e3

Example : Solving an exponential equation

Solve

x4

ln e

x4

for x.

ln 7

x 4 ln 7
x ln 7 4

Rewriting Exponentials as Exponentials with Base

e

Example : Simplifying Logarithmic Expressions

Write each as a single logarithm
(a)

(b)

log 2 27 log 2 3
x

1
ln 8 3ln
2

Solution:
First, note that there is more than one order in
which to work each problem.
(a) log 2 27 x log 2 3 x
log 2 33 x log 2 3 x
3 x log 2 3 x log 2 3
2 x log 2 3
log 2 32 x

(b) ln 8 3 ln 1
2

ln 2 3 ln 2
3

3 ln 2 ( 3 ln 2)

6 ln 2
ln 2 6
ln 64

Example : Use the rules of logarithms to

x 3 y 4
expand the expression ln 5

Solution:

ln

x3 y 4
z5

ln x y ln z
3

ln x 3 ln( y 4 ) ln z 5

3 ln x 4 ln y 5 ln z

There are two special combinations of

exponential functions, called the hyperbolic
sine and hyperbolic cosine.
The hyperbolic function is denoted as sinh(x)
while hyperbolic cosine denoted by cosh(x).

e x e x
sinh x
2

e x e x
cosh x
2

Example : Computing values of hyperbolic

function Compute f(0), f(1) and f(-1) for each
function:
(a) f x sinh x
(b) f x cosh x

Solution: for (a) we have

Note: sinh 0 sin 0 0

e0 e 0 1 1
sinh 0

0
2
2

e1 e 1
For sinh1
1.18
2
e 1 e1
1.18
For sinh 1
2
Note: sinh x sinh x

e0 e 0 1 1
For part (b)cosh 0

1
2
2
Note:

cosh 0 cos 0 1
1

e e
1.54
2
1
1
e

e
For cosh 1
1.54
2
For cosh1

Note: cosh( x) cos x

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